Different theorists conceptualize intelligence differently, but most agree that intelligence: Show Involves many different cognitive processes Marissa seems to be a "born leader." As president of the school service club, she can often persuade her classmates to get involved in school and community service activities. Given this information, we could conclude that Marissa has a strength in which one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? Four high school teachers have just learned that one of their students, Ralph, has scored extremely well on an intelligence test. Which teacher reveals a belief in the concept of g in intelligence? Mr. Hudson says, "No wonder Ralph performs consistently well in all of his classes!" Robert is a 15-year-old boy who has attended U.S. schools since he began kindergarten at age 5. With this fact in mind, identify the task that is most likely to require Robert'sfluid intelligence rather than his crystallized intelligence. Writing a persuasive essay on a current issue in the news "A child's ability to behave intelligently may vary considerably depending on the particular context, skills, and cognitive processes required by a given task."This statement is consistent with three of the following conceptualizations of intelligence. With which one is it least consistent? The concept of distributed intelligence Max is quite skilled in cartography, the art of making maps. Without knowing anything else about Max, in which of Gardner's multiple intelligences would you expect him to be strong? Sam is a very talented dancer; he also shows considerable creativity in art class. He finds math and science classes very difficult, but he loves to read and tell stories to his many friends. Which view of intelligence is best reflected in Sam's abilities? Gardner's multiple intelligences If teachers consider Gardner's view of intelligence, they would be most likely to conclude that: Most students are likely to be "intelligent" in one way or another. Which one of the following statements best reflects Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence? Intelligent behavior is a function of how well people draw on prior experiences and cognitively process information in order to adapt to a new situation. Only one of the following statements reflects an accurate comparison of Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence. Which one? Both theorists characterize intelligence as a multifaceted ability, such that children may behave intelligently in one situation but not in another. The original purpose of intelligence tests is still their main purpose todaythat is, to: Identify children who may require special services or interventions Judging from what you have learned about how intelligence is typically measured, which one of the following would you beleast likely to find on an intelligence test? How many friends do you have? Which one of the following is a true statement about IQ scores? Scores near 100 indicate average performance Which one of the following most accurately characterizes IQ scores? The average score is 100, with more people getting scores near 100 and fewer people getting scores farther away. Which one of the following is a correct interpretation of a high school student's IQ score of 115? The student has performed better on an intelligence test than the majority of students of the same age. Twin studies show that monozygotic (identical) twins who are raised in separate homes have similar IQ scores. Such evidence: Suggests that intelligence is partly influenced by heredity Studies of monozygotic (identical) twins who are raised in the same home are more similar in IQ than twins who are raised in different homes. Such evidence: Suggests that intelligence is partly influenced by environmental factors Poor nutrition is a problem for many children who live in poverty. Which one of the following situations is likely to be associated with poor nutrition? Jill appears to have trouble remembering things and does not seem motivated to achieve in school. Which one of the following items on an intelligence test is most likely to have cultural bias? Croquet is to mallet as golf is to _______. Which one of the following is a legitimate reason fornot relying solely on intelligence tests when identifying students who are gifted? Because intelligence tests measure innate intelligence, children whose giftedness is due to an enriched environment may be overlooked. Two years ago Sean took an intelligence test and earned a score of 99. Recently he took the same test and earned a score of 102. Yet at school Sean earns straight-A grades, and his teachers consider him to be an outstanding student. Given what you've learned about intelligence tests and IQ scores, choose the most likely explanation for the apparent discrepancy between Sean's IQ score and school performance. Sean probably gets support for academic achievement from family and friends and is motivated to do well at school. Within the context of Vygotsky's perspective of cognitive development, why do students who are gifted often not benefit from regular classroom instruction? Because they aren't working within their zone of proximal development The textbook recommends three of the following strategies for adapting instruction for students who are gifted. Which one does it not recommend? Ask students to be patient while their classmates master instructional objectives. Which one of the following best describes Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? A series of stages, each of which has a unique developmental task to be addressed From the perspective of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, children's ability to trust those around them stems from: Experiences with adults during infancy In Erik Erikson's view, children in the initiative versus guilt stage ideally learn to: Plan and carry out some of their own activities Jules is discovering that by being able to write all the alphabet letters in cursive, he is winning the approval of his teacher. Without knowing anything else about Jules, the best guess is that he is in Erikson's stage of Industry versus inferiority If we consider Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, then which one of the following issues would we expect high school students to be most concerned about? Trying to decide who they really are and what role they will play in adult society Which one of the following best illustrates Erikson's stage of identity versus role confusion? Craig is trying to decide what career he wants to pursue Which one of the following best reflects a child's need for relatedness? As soon as she gets home from school each day, Andrea calls her best friend. Which one of the following best describes attachment in the early years? An enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver Matthew willingly allows anyone to hold him or change his diapers, but he seems to be especially happy in the arms of his mother, father, or regular day care provider. Without knowing anything else about Matthew, you might reasonably guess that he is: Nine to twelve months old When a new child care provider picks up 11-month-old Ceci for the first time, Ceci screams hysterically and struggles to get away. Which one of the following is the most likely explanation for Ceci's behavior? She is showing stranger anxiety, which is common at the end of the first year. Ten-year-old Kieran is quite attached to his mother and father. His parents are divorced. According to the text, which of the following would be a possible response to this disruption with his relationship with his parents? He would become angry or aggressive. Which one of the following scenarios is most consistent with the Strange Situation? A mother and her young child are in a playroom. Soon after, an unknown adult joins them, and then Mom leaves the room for a few minutes. The child's behaviors are observed through a one-way mirror On his first day at a new preschool, 3-year-old Kegan's attention is immediately attracted to a wooden train set on the far side of the room. But no sooner has he begun to play with the train than a large teddy bear catches his eye, and he seems unconcerned when his mother leaves the room. Kegan continues to flit from one toy to another all morning without getting very involved in any one of them. He hardly reacts when Mom returns a couple of hours later. Kegan's behavior is most consistent with a(n): Insecure-avoidant attachment On her first day at a new child care center, 2-year-old Martha is quite upset when her father leaves to go to work. When Dad returns that afternoon, Martha runs to him for a hug but then soon pushes Dad away. Martha's behavior is most consistent with a(n): Insecure-resistant attachment While Mother fills out an application form at a new preschool, 18-month-old Colin happily explores a few toys nearby. When Mom momentarily steps out to use the washroom, Colin becomes upset, but he quickly calms down and smiles upon her return. Colin's behavior is most consistent with a(n): Three of the following factors are influential in young children's ability to form one or more secure attachments to caregivers. Which factor is least important? Presence of the same caregiver throughout the day Three of the following statements about diversity inattachment are true. Which one is false? In some cultures, harsh and abusive parenting is the norm rather than the exception, and so children rarely become attached to an adult. Four-year-old Lena lives with her father, grandmother, and 8-year-old brother. She spends 40 hours a week at a neighbor woman's home while her father and grandmother are at work. All four of these individuals are reasonably kind and attentive to her. Chances are that Lena will: Form attachments to all three family members and to the neighbor Children are likely to form secure attachments to teachers when: Student and teacher are both emotionally invested in the relationship. Children's early attachments with caregivers are most likely to: Help children form ideas about the nature of typical interpersonal relationships Recent research indicates that the quality of an infant's early attachment to a primary caregiver: Sets the tone for all subsequent close relationships Three of the following strategies should help young children form healthy attachments to a caregiver. Which one isnot consistent with recommendations presented in the textbook? When parents divorce, suggest that one parent become the primary nurturer and that the other one act more as an occasional "playmate." Which one of the following best illustrates a sense of identity? Drew wonders whether she should be a doctor or a lawyer. Sixteen-year-old Reynelda has known since she was a preschooler that she will become a teacher. Her grandmother was a teacher, and her mother and two aunts are teachers. She's never really even thought about any other occupation. Reynelda can best be described as showing: As a 17-year-old high school senior, Julian has no sense of direction. Over the past year he has dabbled in auto mechanics, photography, and Buddhism, but nothing has held his interest for more than a month or two. Julian can best be described as showing: Marietta is a high school student. Considering what developmental theorists have learned about the effects of gender schemas, and without knowing anything else about Marietta, in which subject area would you expect her to be most interested? Which one of the following behaviors is a kindergartner most likely to say is (morally) "bad" or "wrong"? Pushing someone off the top of a slide Three of the following would be considered moral transgressions. Which one is an example of a conventional transgression? Forgetting to say "Thank you" when receiving a gift When we see signs that a child feels ashamed or guilty about something that he or she has done, we can reasonably conclude that the child: Has developed a sense of right and wrong Only of the following statements about guilt and shame is accurate. Which one is true? Both emotions play an important role in motivating moral and prosocial behavior If we look at children's moral development from the perspective of Lawrence Kohlberg's stage Children become increasingly likely to define "right" and "wrong" in terms of what
Youngsters at Kohlberg'spreconventional level of moral reasoning are likely to define "right" behavior in terms of: What they can get away with Which one of the following statements reflects Kohlberg's preconventional moral reasoning? "It's okay to cheat on this exam because the teacher isn't watching me." Which one of the following youngsters is exhibiting conventional reasoning as Kohlberg described it? Don obeys the teacher because school rules say he must obey her, and it is his duty to obey school rules Which one of the following
adolescents is exhibiting postconventional reasoning as Kohlberg Clara obeys the teacher because she understands that good behavior is essential for Three of the following are accurate statements about the shortcomings of Kohlberg's theory of Children often show conventional thinking for several years and then revert back to What is an example of zone of proximal development?For example, imagine a student has just mastered basic addition. At this point, basic subtraction may enter their zone of proximal development, meaning that they have the ability to learn subtraction and will likely be able to master it with guidance and support.
Which of the following best describes zone of proximal development?The Zone of Proximal Development is defined as the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.
Which best describes Vygotsky's concept of zone of proximal development?Vygotsky's concept of zone of proximal development can best be described as. The range of tasks children can accomplish only with support. An example of positive transfer.
How do you use the zone of proximal development in the classroom?To apply the concept of the zone of proximal development, teachers instruct in small steps according to the tasks a child is already able to do independently. This strategy is referred to as scaffolding. The teacher should also support and assist the child until he or she can complete all of the steps independently.
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Which one of the following best illustrates a student working in her zone of proximal development?
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