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2 Background Personality theory is based on 3 assumptions: 3 View of the person
His fundamental view of the person is humanistic-phenomenological Discovered characteristics which seemed inherent in people; positive, forward-thinking, constructive, realistic, trustworthy Individuals not just active role-players in their own functioning, can also be trusted to follow a positive course in order to realise their potential and to become the best that they can be Healthy people are ware of their positive and negative attributes
His theory is not deterministic because behaviour is determined by the choices of the individual Environment plays no more than a facilitating or inhibiting role The view of themselves and their subjective experience of themselves also play a part Ideal environment – see self exactly as they are, and all potential can be realised The social environment places acceptance conditions on the individuals and they then act in accordance to
these standards and not their own potentials The individual has freedom to change, but they must experience unconditional acceptance There are 19 propositions in which he sets out certain assumptions which are fundamental to his approach The organism (person), interacts with phenomenal field (total experiential world) Self-perception – self, self-concept and self-structure
4 Structure of personality 5 Dynamics of the personality 6 Actualising tendency Believe the purpose of life is to become “that self
which one truly is” Actualizing tendency is a inherent tendency of organisms to maintain themselves and to expand /grow in order to become what they can be Therapists rely on this inherent striving for progress to lead their clients towards discovering their own potential and help them develop that potential fully Rogers use the term actualising and not self-actualising
7 Need for positive regard (from others and self 8 Congruence and Incongruence 9 Role of self-concept in experience & behaviour 10 Development of the personality
11 Past papers & Tuts 12 Which one of the following most accurately expresses the phenomenological dimension of Rogers’ view of the person? Thabo breaks his relationship off with Tracey as she is always limiting his freedom to be who he truly is. Gerald values his mother’s opinion of him as it provides him with an objective view of himself. Lesiba has always wanted to be a teacher ever since he was a young boy and his
mother appreciates the view he has of himself. Paul’s sister subjectively experiences him as a compassionate person, which has strongly influenced Paul’s view of their mother as compassionate. ANSWER: 3
13 The phenomenological dimension highlights individuals’ subjective experiences of their worlds
and how their view of themselves impacts on their behaviour. Therefore, in order for others/therapists to understand and facilitate individuals towards growth and optimal development, it will be necessary to understand their world from their particular viewpoint. Lesiba subjectively experiences himself as wanting to be a teacher. This view of himself (his self-concept) is what his mother appreciates and accepts. According to Rogers’ theory, individuals who receive unconditional
positive regard will develop self-concepts that are congruent with their potential and will actualise their potential. Lesiba will, therefore, according to Rogers, become a teacher as his mother has given him unconditional positive regard. It is clear that Alternative 1 has more to do with conditional positive regard which Thabo receives from Tracey than with his subjective experience of himself. Alternative 2 does not fit with Rogers’ theory which focuses on a person’s subjective
experience of him or herself rather than needing an objective view of oneself from others as stated in this alternative. Alternative 4 is also incorrect. What is important in Rogers’ theory is a person’s subjective experience of him- or herself rather than the experience of oneself from someone else’s vantage point.
14 As a young boy, Paul loved building things and taking them apart
15 In this story, Paul’s true organismic potential refers to his practical-technical skills (he loves building things and taking them apart). This is also the way he sees himself - his self concept is therefore
congruent with his true potential. According to Rogers’ theory, a person will actualise his or her potential if that person receives unconditional positive regard from his or her significant others otherwise the need for positive regard tends to override the actualising tendency. It is therefore possible to deduce that Paul received unconditional positive regard from his parents, and not conditional positive regard. He was therefore able to behave in accordance with his
self concept and follow a career in engineering which is congruent with his true potential. He actualises his potential. The only alternative which is INCORRECT in terms of this story is Alternative 2, which makes it the correct answer to this question.
16 Alan has entered the stage of the so called ‘terrible two’s’ with the development of his will power leading him to throw tantrums. Which one of the following do you think most accurately reflects the advice
that Rogers would give Alan’s parents? In order to accept Alan you need to accept his behaviour and find another way in which to cope with your own frustration at his tantrums, as opposed to limiting his free expression of self. Let Alan know that you understand his feelings that he has the right to feel that way and that you love him no matter what, but that his tantrum behaviour is not acceptable. Alan must be allowed to express all of his emotions
openly, as only the unlimited expression of all his emotions will enable him to experience a sense of freedom. You should show resignation and defeat in response to Alan’s tantrums, as only when he sees that you feel powerless to change his behaviour will he begin to feel guilty and start choosing more constructive responses. ANSWER: 2
17 The correct answer is Alternative 2
18 Thandeka has been in corporate banking for the better part of her adult working life. She has been very successful and has advanced more rapidly than many of her colleagues. Despite
her achievements, however, she does not feel fulfilled through her work. She feels more drawn to helping people realise their potential and ‘workshopping’ with them around personal growth issues. Eventually Thandeka takes the leap and resigns from her well-paid position in the banking industry to pursue her dream. While she feels apprehensive and fears some of the consequences of her choice, she also trusts implicitly that this is the right course for her to be taking. Which one of the following
statements about the fully functioning person according to Rogers best describes Thandeka? Thandeka has gone through the process of growth required in order to realise her full potential and can expect to remain in the static bliss of ‘the good life’ for the rest of her life. Thandeka is functioning fully as she demonstrates the basic characteristic of being more open to society’s needs than her own, thereby enabling her to sacrifice her financial success in order to
contribute more meaningfully to her community. Thandeka felt free to make this choice, as she feels increasingly able to trust her sense of what is right for herself as opposed to depending on existing codes and norms, which may dictate that a secure job is the better option. Thandeka demonstrates the characteristic trait of the fully functioning person by being increasingly open to defending against being a conformist. In this manner she has managed to close herself
off to certain external experiences in order to remain open to her internal experience of wanting to make this career change. ANSWER: 3 19 The correct answer is Alternative 3
20 Gadihele
believes that she is from another planet and has come to visit the earth in order to save its inhabitants. She tells you that the reason her psychiatrist says she is psychotic is because she speaks in a language that human beings do not have the intellectual capacity to understand, and he is too defensive to admit his own ignorance and so rather regards her as having a mental disability. How would Rogers explain Losita’s behaviour? Rogers would understand Gadihele’s view of her
psychiatrist as defensive, as her psychiatrist would need to protect his self concept against the incongruent experience that he may not be intelligent. Rogers would explain Gadihele’s psychosis as arising from a ‘defenceless state’ in which her incongruities became conscious, with her personality becoming disorganised as a result. Rogers would view Gadihele’s behaviour as proof of the malfunctioning that can occur when a person’s defence mechanisms no longer function
effectively. Rogers would regard Gadihele’s behaviour as resulting from the use of denial as a way of dealing with her misconceptions rather than the more effective defence mechanism of distortion. The correct answer is: (a) & (b) (b) & (c) (c) & (d) (b) & (d) ANSWER: 2
21 The
correct answer is Alternative 2 containing Statements (b) and (c) that clearly illustrate the severe degree of malfunctioning in Gadihele, which could be referred to as psychotic. Please note, however, that Rogers was opposed to labels. Statements (a) and (d) are clearly incorrect. Statement (a) is incorrect because the emphasis is on Gadihele’s defenceless state and malfunctioning, and not on her psychiatrist’s self concept. Statement (d) is
incorrect as both defence mechanisms, denial and distortion, are used to protect the self concept. One is not better than the other. They merely serve different functions. 22 What Dr. Rogers could have said to Dr. Freud:
23 According to Roger’s theory, conditions of worth originate
24 According to Roger’s theory, conditions of worth
25 In terms of Rogers’ theory, the self-concept
26 Which of the following defence mechanisms does Roger’s theory refer to? 27 According to Rogers, the new-born baby behaves according to 28 According to Rogers theory, which one
of the following statements regarding the actualisation tendency is true? ANSWER:2 29 According to Rogers’ theory, self-actualization refers to
30 Julian dislikes taking risks and prefers playing chess
31 According to Rogers, the self-concept is: .
32 According to Roger’s theory, Mary 33 In terms of Roger’s theory, Mary is likely to function….
34 In terms of Roger’s theory, how is Mary is likely to deal with her feelings toward Bob?
35 Maria has studied Rogers’ theory and wants to apply this knowledge to her own relationships. She decides to approve of anything that her children do. Which one of the following statements accurately depicts Maria’s position? Maria thoroughly understands Roger’s theory because she realises that a healthy relationship is founded on unconditional positive
regard Maria thoroughly understands Rogers’ theory because she thinks that only if she approves of anything her children do, will they feel accepted Maria does not show thorough understanding of Roger’s theory because she confuses conditional and unconditional positive regard Maria does not show thorough understanding of Roger’s theory because she confuses unconditional positive regard for the person, with acceptance of any kind of behaviour.
ANSWER: 4 36 Sarah sees herself as a good cook 37 According to Roger’s theory, what differentiates humans from other organisms? 38 According to Roger’s theory, organismic trust implies that the person: 39 Zinzi has the talent to become an artist 40 Pumi wants to be a good mother 41 Carl Roger’s theory,
is regarded as a humanistic theory because he emphasises:…
42 According to Roger’s theory, conditions of worth are: 43 In terms of Roger’s theory, the self-concept:
44 In which of the following ways would your response to your partner be the most correct in accordance with Rogers view of the
person? You constantly remind your partner how you would like him to interact with your parents, as you know that his own constructive tendencies lead him to want them to like him too You trust that your partner will make the best choices for herself at work so you refrain from offering anything but your support and acceptance of choices she makes You know that your partner is a sensitive person by nature and so you find the most tactful way to share with
him any criticisms you may have of his actions. You point out to your partner the ways in which she restricts and limits your freedom, as ultimately the significant others in your environment should always facilitate your ability to realise your true potential. ANSWER: 2
45 In the table below, column A lists the structural elements of the personality and column B the explanations of each. From the alternatives below select the correct combinations of the items in these two columns. Column A:
Structural elements Column B: Explanations The organism A relatively stable pattern of integrated perceptions, which is also flexible and changeable The phenomenal field The central figure that interacts constantly with the dynamically changing world. The self-concept The totality of a person’s perceptions and experiences The correct answer is: [a & f], [b & e], [c &
d] [a & d], [b & e], [c & f] [a & e], [b & f], [c & d] [a & f], [b & d], [c & e] ANSWER: 3 46 Susan sees herself as someone who is socially
incompetent
47 Read the following story and answer the questions:
48 It is clear that Alans’ parents:
49 Answer: 2 50 Answer: 2 51 Answer: 4 52 Answer: 2 53 Answer: 1
54 Read the following story and answer the questions: 55 The fact that Lucky excelled at things of a practical-technical nature implies that he was a)_____ and yet his parents encouraged him to take academic subjects like Latin and History which implies that they b)_________: 1 Aware of his
organismic experiences at this stage Accepted him conditionally 2 Actualising his potential at this stage Accepted him unconditionally 3 Attempting to meet his need for positive regard from significant others Were meeting his need for conditions of worth 4 Functioning in terms of his own values Needed to incorporated his values into their lives ANSWER:
1 56 According to Rogers, individuals are considered psychologically adjusted when…..
57 Mary was the minister’s wife and the members of the congregation
expected her to devote her time to church and give up her career which she found very satisfying. However, Mary decided to pursue her career as she believed that her fulfilment would greatly contribute to her being a more effective ministers’ wife. Which statement would be the most correct in terms of Roger’s theory? ANSWER: 3 58
ANSWER: 3 59 Answer: Unsure 60 Answer: 3
61 ANSWER: 4 62 ANSWER: 2 63 ANSWER: 3 64 ANSWER: unsure 65 ANSWER: 2 66
ANSWER: 2 67 ANSWER: 1 68 ANSWER: 3 69
ANSWER: 3 70 ANSWER: 1 71 ANSWER: 2
72 ANSWER:3 73 ANSWER:4 74 ANSWER:1
75 ANSWER:1 76 ANSWER:2 77 ANSWER:1
78 ANSWER:4 Which of the following statements about the fully functioning person according to Rogers best describes thandeka?Again, being open to experience rather than closed and defensive, describes Thandeka, a fully functioning person, according to Rogers.
Which of the following does Rogers describe as a necessary to become a fully functioning person?Rogers describes an individual who is actualizing as a fully functioning person. The main determinant of whether we will become self-actualized is childhood experience.
What does Rogers theory say?Rogers suggested that receiving unconditional positive regard and pursuing growth helps a person move toward greater congruence. Rogers believed every person possesses a deep need to grow toward their potential, and that self-actualization is at the core of motivation and behavior.
What is the most significant of Rogers theory?Rogers elevated the importance of unconditional positive regard or unconditional love when developing self-concept. To fully actualise, people are raised in conditions of unconditional positive regard where no conditions of worth are present.
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