Which one of the following statements is most accurate about the effects of peer groups?

Judy and Jessica hang around people their same age. These people are most accurately described as: A. friends. B. buddies. C. peers. D. chums.

In comparison with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend ________ time with their peers ________ with their parents. A. more; than B. less; than C. as much; as D. There is too much conflicting data on this issue to give a definitive answer.

The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological age is called: A. mainstreaming. B. tracking. C. age grading. D. reference grouping.

All of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society, except: A. tougher child labor laws. B. rise of secondary education. C. decrease in family values. D. increase of extracurricular activities

decrease in family values

Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar: A. baby boom. B. depression. C. infantile fixation. D. cohort effect.

During the first half of the 21st century, the adolescent population is expected to: A. decrease. B. increase. C. remain constant. D. It is not possible to predict the change in the adolescent population.

As a social scientist who works with advocacy groups, it is most likely that Professor Sandburg would be interested in tracking the size of the adolescent population over a period of time for all of the following reasons, except which one? A. He wants to see how funds are allocated for such things as social services, education, and health care. B. He wants to understand the behavior of different cohorts. C. He wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media. D. He wants to see the degree of political or social influence that given cohorts have

He wants to see how these groups are influenced by the mass media.

A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (e.g., the baby boomers) is known as what? A. a generation X B. a cohort C. an age-graded society D. a census group

According to some commentators, teenagers have become separate from adult society to such an extent that they have established their own society, which undermines parents' authority and emphasizes peer deviance. This society is called: A. the Woodstock generation. B. the dead poet's society. C. the lost boys. D. the youth culture

.Which of the following writers has been the most vocal proponent of the idea that there is a separate and troublesome "youth culture"? A. Margaret Mead B. Eleanor Maccoby C. Brad Brown D. James Coleman

In The Adolescent Society, Coleman expressed concern over the finding that adolescents: A. showed high rates of drug and alcohol abuse. B. reported frequent periods of loneliness. C. placed a greater emphasis on good looks, wealth, and athletic ability than academic success. D. spent more time with their parents than with their peers.

placed a greater emphasis on good looks, wealth, and athletic ability than academic success.

When researchers evaluated the social climate of today's schools to see just how much had changed since The Adolescent Society was published, what did they find? A. The researchers replicated the findings of The Adolescent Society. B. In contrast to the findings presented in The Adolescent Society, researchers found that academic achievement was strongly valued among today's adolescents. C. The researchers concluded that there were both similarities and differences between the climate of today's "adolescent society" and the society described 60 years ago. D. In contrast to the society described 60 years ago, today's adolescents placed a greater emphasis on attractiveness, wealth, and athletic ability.

The researchers concluded that there were both similarities and differences between the climate of today's "adolescent society" and the society described 60 years ago.

Some commentators have proposed that today's youth are so age segregated that problems such as youth unemployment, teenage suicide, juvenile delinquency, and drug and alcohol use have resulted because adolescents: A. have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults. B. have developed a great deal of anger toward adults. C. look at their country's leaders and see what a low standard has been set in terms of education, so they follow these role models. D. are not challenged by today's educational curriculum

have become alienated from and unfamiliar with the values of adults.

Henry believes that the rise of adolescent peer groups has contributed to the rise of adolescent crime and drug use. Which of the following statements refutes this belief? A. Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades. B. Contemporary adolescents spend more time in peer groups than adolescents did in past eras. C. Today's adolescents are more susceptible to the influence of their friends than adolescents were in past eras. D. Peers indeed have a universally bad influence on each other

Even though society has continued to become increasingly age segregated, the rates of many adolescent problem behaviors have fluctuated considerably over the past few decades.

Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than adolescents in previous times. A. are more susceptible to the influences of their peers B. are at higher risk for problem behaviors because of peer influence C. spend more time in peer groups D. report more positive experiences from their involvement in peer groups

spend more time in peer groups

The world is arguably a more stressful place to grow up in now than it was in the past for all of the following reasons, except which one? A. Divorce is more commonplace. B. Families move residences every few years. C. Adolescents experience pressure from the mass media. D. Adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.

Adolescents are now more susceptible to their peers than were other generations.

What generalization can you make about the nature of peer influence in adolescence? A. Girls are more susceptible to the influences of their peers than boys. B. Peers are more likely to encourage adolescents to behave in ways that adults disapprove than to encourage each other to engage in activities that adults approve, such as school. C. It is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences. D. The majority of peers encourage each other to value academic achievement

it is unwise to generalize about the nature of peer influence; peers can exert both positive and negative influences.

All of the following are examples of universalistic norms in American society, except: A. taking piano lessons. B. being allowed to vote upon turning 18. C. stopping at traffic lights when driving. D. being required to file taxes annually.

A large, nationally representative sample of adolescents found that adolescents' friendship groups fell into one of four profiles. Which was the group that consisted of friends who were engaged in school, achieved decent grades, and neither abstained from nor abused alcohol? A. disengaged B. engaged C. high functioning D. maladjusted

A small, tightly knit group of between two and twelve friends usually of the same age and sex is called A. disengaged. B. engaged. C. a clique. D. a crowd.

Research on the structure of cliques during high school has suggested that adolescents can fall into any of the following categories, except: A. liaisons. B. isolates. C. clique members. D. clique avoiders.

Which of the following is not a way that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership? A. Adolescents often imitate the behavior of crowd leaders. B. Crowds establish social norms, values, and expectations that members strive to follow. C. When crowd members behave in ways that are consistent with the crowd norms, they are reinforced for doing so. D. All of these statements are ways that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership.

All of these statements are ways that adolescents' behavior is affected by their crowd membership.

Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer games and talk about girls. This group of boys is called: A. a crowd. B. a clique. C. a reference group. D. a youth culture.

_____ are settings for intimate interactions and friendships, whereas _____ are based on reputation, rather than on actual social interaction. A. Cliques; crowds B. Crowds; reference groups C. Reference groups; cliques D. Crowds; cliques

In contrast to crowds, cliques: A. are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions. B. help adolescents locate themselves within the social structure of their school. C. channel adolescents into associations with some peers and away from others. D. provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles and disparage others.

are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions.

. A(an) _____ is an individual that has few or no links to others in the social network and a(an) _____ is an individual who interacts with two or more adolescents who are members of cliques, but who themselves are not part of a clique. A. liaison; isolate B. hopper; loner C. isolate; liaison D. isolate; mixer

Andrea, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ________ and develop her sense of identity in a ________. A. crowd; crowd B. crowd; clique C. clique; crowd D. clique; clique

Which type of crowd would probably not be found in European schools? A. populars B. druggies C. metalheads D. jocks

"Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of: A. crowds. B. cliques. C. youth cultures. D. gangs.

According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do not fit clearly into any crowd? A. one-sixth B. one-half C. two-thirds D. one-third

All of the following are significant changes in peer groups that occur during adolescence, except: A. an increase in the amount of time adolescents spend with their friends. B. a decrease in the amount of adult supervision. C. an increase in contacts with opposite sex friends. D. a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

a decrease in the size of their peer groups.

Which adolescent is most likely to have a decrease in time spent with parents and a dramatic increase in the amount of time spent with peers? A. Maya, a White female B. Rosalia, a Hispanic-American female C. Hillary, a Black female D. Mike, an Asian-American male

Eric, a fourth-grader, spends a lot of time with his peers and is more likely to engage in which of the following activities? A. Little League baseball B. going to the mall with his friends C. hanging out at his friend's house unsupervised D. girl watching

In early adolescence, _____ friendships are most common, and in late adolescence, _____ friendships are common. A. same sex; opposite sex B. same sex; same sex C. opposite sex; same sex D. opposite sex; opposite sex

Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during: A. childhood. B. preadolescence. C. middle adolescence. D. late adolescence

Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents to learn about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is most likely studying: A. peer collectives. B. cliques. C. crowds. D. subcultures

A more sophisticated understanding of social relationships leads adolescents to gather in crowds. This is an example of which adolescent transition? A. biological B. cognitive C. social D. All of these are correct

Research studying adolescent friendship networks over a 1-year period has found all of the following, except which one? A. More than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques. B. Girls are more likely than boys to be members of cliques. C. Boys are more likely than girls to be considered "isolates." D. Adolescents' positions in their schools' social network are relatively stable over time.

More than half of the adolescents in any given school are members of cliques

All of the following changes typically occur during adolescence, except which one? A. Peer groups disintegrate. B. Pairs of dating adolescents split off from the larger group. C. Larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques. D. Couples become the focus of social activity

Larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques.

A research technique in which the researcher "infiltrates" a group of individuals in order to study their behavior and relationships is called: A. naturalistic observation. B. a longitudinal approach. C. a demographic approach. D. participant observation.

According to Kinney's research, youngsters who were "nerds" in middle school: A. were automatically labeled "dweebs" in high school. B. were the "popular" group in high school. C. could never become part of another crowd. D. had opportunities to shift status in high school

had opportunities to shift status in high school

According to the research, conformity to peer pressure: A. peaks in adolescence and remains high into adulthood. B. peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood. C. shows a linear increase from childhood into adulthood. D. shows a linear decrease from childhood into adulthood

peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood

Over the course of adolescence, which of the following is not true of changes that take place in crowds? A. Their structure becomes less hierarchical. B. Their structure becomes more permeable. C. Their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the PlayStation crowd"). D. Their structure becomes more differentiated

Their descriptions become more concrete (e.g., the "preppy" group becomes "the PlayStation crowd")

By the end of high school, crowds: A. have become a defining influence in the adolescent's life. B. increasingly gain in importance for an adolescent's identity. C. become less important to adolescents. D. peak in their importance to adolescents.

become less important to adolescents

In middle school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. Being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way? A. identity development B. dating opportunities C. occupied his free time D. improved relationships with parents

A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called: A. a clique. B. a reference group. C. a crowd. D. a youth culture.

Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as: A. a reference group. B. a clique. C. a youth culture. D. a fraternity

Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer pressure to misbehave? A. "nerds" B. "populars" C. "druggies" D. "normals"

Self-esteem is _____ among students who are identified with peer groups that have relatively high status in their school. A. lower B. the same C. higher D. Self-esteem varies from person to person

Chuck is a member of a higher status crowd at his school. According to the textbook, which of the following statements is true? A. Chuck likely has high self-esteem. B. Chuck likely feels a lot of pressure to be "cool." C. Chuck likely holds quite a few misconceptions about his peers. D. Chuck likely has a diffused identity status.

Chuck likely has high self-esteem

Jamie is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely comprised of other young girls. Based on this information, what has Jamie's social life been influenced by? A. age-grading B. sex segregation C. cliques D. the baby boom

Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups? A. mixed-sex groups B. less adult supervision C. sex segregation D. the emergence of peer "crowds"

Eleanor Maccoby states all of the following reasons that adolescents separate themselves into same-sex cliques, except: A. cliques are formed on the basis of shared activities and interests. B. adolescents' increasing concerns about sex roles. C. adolescents' concerns about being ostracized by their friends for engaging in cross-sex activities. D. parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

parents' fears that cross-sex cliques will lead to early sexual activity.

By middle to late adolescence, cliques are often segregated by race. All of the following are possible explanations for this phenomenon, except: A. differential abilities in athletics. B. socioeconomic influences. C. differential levels of academic achievement. D. attitudes toward other races

differential abilities in athletics

Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have: A. been coerced by their peers to join. B. had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood. C. been involved in drugs and alcohol. D. reported high levels of sensation-seeking behavior

had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood

Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin? A. Justin is likely to become a rejected and withdrawn student at school. B. Justin will gain more respect for his parents. C. Justin will be less likely to be involved in drug use and delinquent activity. D. Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers

Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers

According to the textbook and in regard to gangs, all of the following are true except: A. Gang members tend to have more emotional and behavioral problems than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members. B. Gangs are usually identified by name and common symbols. C. Gang members tend to be more isolated from their families. D. Gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members

Gang members have better self-conceptions than other adolescents who are involved in antisocial activity but who are not gang members

According to an example provided in the textbook, a crowd member that has less social capital who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny person may be high in _____ popularity but low in _____ popularity. A. sociometric; perceived B. perceived; sociometric C. status popularity; opposite-sex D. adult-oriented; peer-oriented

Which of the following statements about friendship stability is true? A. Opposite-sex friendships tend to be more stable than same-sex friendships. B. Girls' friendships tend to be more stable than boys' friendships. C. Well-adjusted adolescents tend to have friendships that don't last very long. D. Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year exist at the end.

Only half of all reciprocated best friendships that exist at the beginning of the school year exist at the end.

.The determinants of sociometric popularity are ______, though the determinants of perceived popularity are _____. A. highly variable; things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor B. things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor; highly variable C. good looks and wealth; athletic ability and school achievement D. athletic ability and school achievement; unknown

hings like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor; highly variable

Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as ________, are much more popular than adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as __________. A. reactive formation; reactive aggression B. Machiavellian aggression; instrumental aggression C. instrumental aggression; reactive aggression D. relational aggression; instrumental aggression

instrumental aggression; reactive aggression

All of the following are classifications for unpopular or disliked adolescents, except: A. aggressive. B. withdrawn. C. aggressive-withdrawn. D. offensive-reclusive.

Who is at the greatest risk of developing psychological problems as a result of peer rejection? A. an aggressive child B. a withdrawn child C. an aggressive-withdrawn child D. a reclusive child

an aggressive-withdrawn child

Hostile attributional bias: A. plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. B. plays a small role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. C. helps rejected adolescents gain acceptance. D. is the only factor in determining the behavior of rejected adolescents.

plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents.

Which of the following statements regarding Internet harassment is false? A. Perpetrators of Internet harassment are likely to show problems in social skills. B. Perpetrators of Internet harassment also engage in typical bullying. C. Many of the same adolescents who report having been victimized also report bullying others and these adolescents have the greatest adjustment problems. D. Most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously

Most cyberbullying is conducted anonymously

The following is often a trademark of persistent bullies: A. more troubled family relationships. B. more troubled peer relationships. C. greater difficulty controlling aggression. D. All of these are correct.

One study of more than 160,000 adolescents from 35 countries found that: A. the prevalence of bullying is higher in schools characterized by greater income inequality. B. adolescents who come from less affluent families are less likely to be bullied. C. the prevalence of bullying is higher in countries characterized by less income equality. D. adolescents who come from more affluent families are more likely to be bullied

he prevalence of bullying is higher in schools characterized by greater income inequality

According to research from Due and colleagues, which country is likely to have a relatively low prevalence of bullying? A. Sweden B. Russia C. United States D. Germany

Online harassment is ________ in-person harassment. A. as common as B. more common than C. less common than D. not as likely to have negative effects on victims' emotional well-being as

Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies? A. Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying. B. Victims of physical or verbal harassment are usually very different than victims of cyberbullying. C. As Internet use has increased, cyberbullying has become statistically more common than physical and verbal harassment among the adolescent population. D. More than 80 percent of adolescents have engaged in some form of cyberbullying

Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying

According to the textbook, victims of cyberbullying often report all of the following adjustment problems, except: A. low self-esteem. B. academic difficulties. C. parent-child conflict. D. depression.

Interventions designed to help unpopular adolescents improve their social skills have employed which of the following techniques? A. explaining to adolescents that they need to develop a thicker psychological skin in order to make friends B. having adolescents wait patiently until another person engages them in conversation C. teaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques D. teaching joke-telling skills to improve their likeability among other adolescents

eaching social skills like self-expression and leadership techniques

In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited for helping the adolescent with regard to: A. intimacy. B. responsibility. C. social interactions. D. leisure

What is the most effective way to respond to a bully? A. to fight back B. to do nothing/to walk away C. to get help from an adult D. to use a variety of strategies

to do nothing/to walk away

Which one of the following is the most accurate statement about group differences among students?

Which one of the following statements is most accurate regarding the origins of prosocial and aggressive behavior?

Which one of the following is most likely to be true for students who have a strong ethnic identity?

What can teachers and parents do to help students most in developing positive self perceptions?