Terms in this set (58)Which type of research is constrained by ethical considerations? a) Quantitative research c) Both quantitative and qualitative Rationale: Research with humans or animals, regardless of whether it is qualitative or quantitative, must adhere to ethical principles. What does the quantitative approach in research attempt to eliminate? a) Bias and subjectivity a) Bias and subjectivity Rationale: Bias and subjectivity are viewed by quantitative researchers as distorting research results. Quantitative researchers gather evidence rooted in the real world. Quantitative research strives to collect and analyze information in a systematic fashion. The extent to which research findings can be generalized is important to quantitative researchers. What are the two paradigms that are dominant in nursing science and research? a) Trial and error c) Positivism and constructivism Rationale: Positivism and constructivism are the paradigmatic underpinnings of most nursing research. These two types of research are not paradigms (worldviews) but are methods that are typically associated with alternative paradigms. Trial and error has been one approach to solving problems, but they are not paradigms. Neither empiricism (the doctrine that knowledge comes through the senses) nor determinism (the assumption that phenomena are not random events) is a paradigm. In which type of research is prediction and control a study purpose? a) Quantitative research a) Quantitative research Rationale: Quantitative studies often have prediction and control as key objectives. Prediction and control are not the objectives of qualitative studies. What is a basic assumption of the positivist paradigm? a) All events in the natural world have antecedent causes a) All events in the natural world have antecedent causes Rationale: Positivism assumes that events are not random or haphazard. Reality is orderly and predictable according to the positivist view. According to the positivist view, reality exists independent of the knower or observer. In positivism, it is assumed that the world is knowable and can be studied with considerable objectivity. What type of evidence is considered most useful for informing nursing practice? a)
Research findings from high-quality studies a) Research findings from high-quality studies Rationale: Rigorous research yields the best quality evidence about factors affecting health, including the effectiveness of nursing actions. Experts are highly knowledgeable but may base some of their understanding on personal experience rather than on solid evidence. Clinical experience is important but may be too narrow or subjective. Traditions that have not been evaluated empirically may be maximally effective. In which type of nursing research is identification a study purpose? a) Qualitative research a) Qualitative research Rationale: Qualitative studies often focus on phenomena about which little or nothing is known and which have not yet been clearly identified and named. Quantitative studies tend to focus on phenomena that have already been identified, named, and measured. Identification is sometimes a goal in qualitative studies but not in quantitative studies. Cause-probing research would include studies whose specific purpose was: a) Evaluation of therapies/interventions a) Evaluation of therapies/interventions Rationale: Studies that evaluate nursing interventions or therapies are designed to examine whether the intervention caused improvements or prevented harm. Descriptive studies concern the portrayal of the current status (prevalence/dimensions) of phenomena, not on what their causes might be. Qualitative studies are used to elucidate and explore meaning and processes are not focused on examining the causes of phenomena. Studies whose purpose is to develop, refine, and evaluate methods of making diagnoses and assessments do not probe for underlying causes. What is considered the current priority area for nursing research? a) Content of nursing curricula b) Improvements in patient care and patient outcomes Rationale: The emphasis in contemporary nursing research is on studies that are of relevance to the practice of nursing. Research done early in the 20th century focused nurses' professional identity. Nursing shortages may be an ongoing concern, but they are not considered a priority for nursing research. Studies relating to nursing education are important to nurse educators but are not considered a priority for the profession. What aspect of nursing research is the responsibility of all practicing nurses? a) Conducting research on client outcomes c) Keeping up-to-date on research relevant to their practice Rationale: Being a skillful consumer of nursing research is every nurse's professional responsibility. Research on client outcomes is the responsibility of clinical researchers, and not all nurses engage in research. Doing research on cost-effectiveness is the responsibility of researchers and nurse administrators. Doing research is not the responsibility of every nurse, and research on nurses' characteristics is not a priority for nursing research. What type of nursing practice would be considered evidence-based? a) A practice that uses research findings as a basis for decision making and nursing actions a) A practice that uses research findings as a basis for decision making and nursing actions Rationale: Nurses are increasingly expected to use research findings to the extent possible to determine which actions are most clinically appropriate and cost-effective. Evidence-based practice can draw on research findings from both the positivist and constructivist paradigm. Nursing practice does not need to involve the conduct of research. Participation in a journal club is desirable but does not ensure that nurses will use research evidence in their practice. In what paradigm do qualitative methods in research have their roots? a) Empiricism b) Constructivism Rationale: Qualitative research methods are allied with the naturalistic paradigm. Empiricism is not a paradigm and is not a paradigm and is a feature of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Subjectivism is not a paradigm, although qualitative methods value subjective experiences. Positivism is associated with the scientific method and with quantitative research. Which was a major utilization project designed to reduce the gap between nursing research and practice? a) The Iowa Model d) CURN Rationale: The CURN project (Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing) in the 1970s had as its major objective to increase the use of research findings in the daily practice of RNs. The Stetler Model is an abstract conceptualization of the process of evidence-based practice. The Cochrane Collaboration did not begin as an effort relating to the nursing profession. The Iowa Model is an abstract conceptualization of the process of implementing an evidence-based practice project. Which study type is at the pinnacle of most evidence hierarchies? a) Single RCTs b) Systematic reviews Rationale: Integration of findings from multiple relevant studies is considered in many evidence hierarchies as the highest possible source of evidence. Findings from individual RCT studies are considered a strong source of evidence for Therapy questions, but are not at the pinnacle of evidence hierarchies. Qualitative studies are not at the pinnacle of evidence hierarchies, but are considered a strong source of evidence for Meaning questions. Descriptive studies are not at the pinnacle of evidence hierarchies but are a good source of evidence for understanding prevalence of health problems. A keystone of the evidence-based practice (EBP) movement in health care fields was: a) The Cochrane Collaboration a) The Cochrane Collaboration Rationale: The Cochrane Collaboration was extremely influential in changing the course of health care practice. This model had been influential in helping nurses to thinking about research utilization and EBP, but is not a "keystone" of the interdisciplinary movement. This project was a milestone in research utilization for nurses, but did not play a major role in EBP across health care disciplines. The Magnet Recognition project supports EBP in many ways, but was not a keystone of the interdisciplinary movement. What early model of evidence-based practice (EBP) suggests pathways for individual nurses? a) The Cochrane Collaboration Model c) The Stetler Model, first developed in the 1980s, involves steps that can facilitate the application of research findings by individual nurses. AGREE is an acronym for an instrument that can be used to evaluate clinical practice guidelines; it is not a model of EBP. The Cochrane Collaboration has not developed a specific model of EBP, but has supported EBP efforts. This is a model that facilitates the application of research to clinical practice problems by groups or organizations. Which is not an example of systematic reviews? a) Metasyntheses b) Clinical practice guidelines Rationale: Clinical practice guidelines may rely on one or more systematic reviews in developing practice recommendations, but they are not an example of systematic reviews. Many systematic reviews synthesize and summarize an existing body of research in narrative form. Meta-analysis is a method of integrating prior research on a topic through statistical procedures. Metasynthesis is an emerging approach to integrating findings from qualitative studies. Which statement is true? a) Research utilization and evidence-based practice are synonymous b) Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a decision-making approach that involves integrating evidence from rigorous research with clinical expertise and patient preferences Rationale: EBP blends state-of-the-art knowledge from the body of accumulated research on a topic with local contextual factors, such as clinicians' expertise and patients' circumstances. There is some overlap in the two terms, but they are not synonymous. Evidence-based practice is of greater significance to the medical profession than to the nursing profession. EBP is important to all health care professions. EBP is important to nurses in all health care settings. Which is not a clinical foreground question? a) Does fatigue contribute to depression in patients with cancer? b) What is the underlying pathology of migraine headaches? Rationale: Questions about the physiological mechanisms underlying diseases and health problems are considered background questions, the answers to which typically lie in textbooks. This is an example of foreground question that concerns Etiology and harms. This is an example of foreground question that concerns the relative benefits of two alternative interventions- a therapy question. This is an example of foreground question that concerns the Meaning of an experience for people. The first step in an individual EBP effort is: a) Asking a well-worded clinical question a) Asking a well-worded clinical question Rationale: An EBP effort cannot move forward without the posing of a practice-related question that is worded in a manner that facilitates the retrieval of relevant evidence. Evidence must be appraised before it can be used in clinical practice settings, but this is not the first step. It is essential to locate relevant evidence to address practice problems, but this is not the first step. Attendance at professional conferences can enhance a nurse's interest in EBP and specific innovations, but this is not a step in a systematic EBP effort. Which resource is critical for evidence-based practice (EBP), for both individual clinicians and teams working on an organizational effort? a) Collaboration with other health care disciplines c) Systematic reviews Rationale: High-quality reviews that integrate findings across multiple studies and that are readily available to practitioners play a critical role in EBP. A journal club in a specific institution may help to launch an EBP project, but is not a resource for nurses per se. Templates can help in wording EBP questions, but are not in and of themselves a resource, and may not be needed by those experienced with asking good clinical questions. Collaboration may be a good strategy for certain EBP projects, but cannot be considered a widely available (or needed) resource. "What is the effect of breathing exercises on procedural pain in burn patients?" Relating to this question, which statement is true? a) The
comparison is non-burn patients c) The outcome is pain levels Rationale: Within the PICO framework, pain levels represent the outcome of interest. The intervention in this question is not standard of nursing procedures; the intervention is the breathing exercises. In this question, burn patients are the population, and the inquiry does not involve non-burn patients. Breathing exercises are the intervention, and the population of interest is burn patients. In the following question, "pain" is which PICO component? "What is the effect of 25% oral glucose (vs. sterile water) on the pain levels of infants undergoing immunizations?" a) The comparison b) The outcome Rationale: In this therapy question, the outcome is infants' pain. 25% oral glucose is the intervention being tested for its effect on infants' pain. The population is infants undergoing immunization. The comparison is sterile water. In the following question, "having prostate cancer" is which PICO component? "How does having prostate cancer affect older men's level of depression 12 months after treatment?" a) The comparison c) The intervention, influence, or exposure Rationale: In this prognosis question, having prostate cancer is considered a possible exposure or influence on the outcome, depression. The population is older men. There is no explicit comparison. The implied comparison is not having prostate cancer. The outcome is depression. In a study entitled "The effect of family members' support on readmission rates to an inpatient substance abuse program," which is the dependent variable? a) Substance abuse program c) Readmission rates Rationale: Readmission rates is the dependent variable (the outcome) that might be affected by family support (the independent variable). Inpatient describes the type of substance abuse program; it is not a variable in this study. Family members' support is the independent variable- the influence on the outcome. The substance abuse program is not a variable. Which qualitative research tradition involves the discovery of a core variable that is central in explaining what is going on in a social scene? a) Phenomenology c) Grounded theory Rationale: Grounded theory researchers seek to discover a core variable that is central to explaining what is going on. Phenomenologists seek to understand lived human experiences, not to understand core social processes. Ethnographers seek to describe and understand cultures and lifeways, not to understand core social processes. Philology is NOT a qualitative research tradition. Which statement expresses a relationship? a) Mechanically ventilated patients with a symptom of dyspnea experience difficulties weaning. d) People who smoke have higher rates of absenteeism from work than people who do not smoke. Rationale: The statement is about the relationship between 2 variables- smoking vs nonsmoking and rates of absenteeism from work In a qualitative study entitled "Parental adaptation to childhood leukemia," which is the independent variable? a) There is no independent variable a) There is no independent variable Rationale: Qualitative studies typically do not study the influence of one variable on another. This study focuses on the phenomena of parental adaptation. Adaptation is not the "independent variable"; it is the central phenomena under investigation, not in relation to another phenomena. Leukemia is not a "variable" in this study; all of the study participants would be parents whose children have leukemia. "Parents" is not a variable. In this study, all of the study participants would be parents. Which study title could not use an experimental design? a) The effect of age on pulmonary complications in surgical patients a) The effect of age on pulmonary complications in surgical patients Rationale: Researchers could not intervene with regard to participants' age; the study would be inherently nonexperimental. A researcher could introduce dietary interventions. A researcher could introduce exercise interventions. A researcher could intervene with regard to body position. Which is an operational definition of obesity? a) A condition associated with heightened risk of health problems d) This indicates both the method of measuring body fat (the BMI) and the criteria for establishing obesity (scores of 30 or more). In a cause-and-effect relationship, which is the independent variable? a) The cause a) The cause Rationale: In causal relationships, the independent variable is the cause that affects the dependent variable (the outcome). The independent variable is a component of a relationship, not the relationship itself. The outcome variable is another term for the dependent variable. In causal relationships, the effect (outcome) is the dependent variable. How would the progression of tasks of a qualitative study be described? a) Circular a) Circular Rationale: The researcher continually examines and interprets data and makes decisions on how to proceed based on what is emerging. There is no formula on how to progression of activities in a qualitative study. Activities in a qualitative study do not follow a straight series of steps; this is characteristic of quantitative studies. The progression of activities is grounded on what emerges during the research, but is not capricious. Which statement is true? a) Studies involving animal subjects are always experimental. d) Qualitative studies are usually nonexperimental. Rationale: Qualitative researchers do not introduce interventions; they focus on the lives of participants as they are actually lived. The conceptual phase is equally important in experimental and nonexperimental studies. Both experimental and nonexperimental research can involve animals as subjects. Experimental studies are designed to test causal relationships. In which phase does a quantitative researcher collect and code the data? a) The empirical phase a) The empirical phase Rationale: During the empirical phase, quantitative researchers gather the empirical info needed to address the research question. The analytic phase involves the statistical analysis of the data. The conceptual phase is an early phase in which the problem is delineated and put into an appropriate conceptual context. In the design phase, quantitative researchers make decisions about how best to structure the study to address the research question. In a phenomenological study, which is an example of data? a) I didn't want to get out of bed, I was afraid to face the world. a) I didn't want to get out of bed, I was afraid to face the world. Rationale: This is an example of narrative data for a qualitative study. The term subject is used in: a) Qualitative research c) Quantitative research Rationale: Quantitative research obtain info from people participating in a study, and they are sometimes referred to as subjects. Quantitative researchers sometimes refer to study participants as subjects but qualitative researchers typically do not. Qualitative researchers typically avoid the term "subject" because it implies passivity rather than active participation on the part of the participants. What is the first phase in the research process for a quantitative study? a) The empirical phase d) The conceptual phase Rationale: Quantitative researchers begin by conceptualizing what the focus and conceptual context of the study will be. The analytic phase is one of the last phases of the quantitative research project. The empirical phase involves the collection of data, which cannot be undertaken until the research methods have been delineated. Quantitative researchers do not being to design the study until preliminary steps such as literature review and question development has been completed. Which statement is not true? a) Qualitative researchers sometimes avoid doing a literature review before going into the field. b) Ethnographic researchers design interventions to test cultural hypotheses. Rationale: Ethnographers do not intervene or test hypotheses; they go into the field to experience, understand, and describe a culture. In a quantitative study, "level of depression" would be: a) The
independent variable d) Either the dependent or independent variable Rationale: Some studies focus on factors contributing to depression (dependent variable) and others focus on how depression (independent variable) affects other outcomes. Level of depression varies from one person to another and is therefore a variable. Which term is not used by both quantitative and qualitative researchers? a) Informant a) Informant Rationale: Qualitative researchers sometimes refer to study participants as informants, but quantitative researchers typically do not. What is a variable, by definition? a) Dependent b) Changeable Rationale: A variable by definition varies from subject to subject over time. A constant cannot be a variable because it does not vary. Variables can be independent (causes/influences) or dependent (effects/outcomes), but do not have to be. Which step would not be undertaken in a nonexperimental quantitative study? a) Determining the number of subjects to recruit c) Developing an intervention protocol Rationale: There is no intervention in a nonexperimental study. "Five days" is an example of: a) An independent variable c) A datum Rationale: This is a piece of info for a variable such as, for example, length of stay in the hospital. Which step is more characteristic of a qualitative than a quantitative study? a) Developing an intervention protocol c) Using data saturation to determine sample size Rationale: Quantitative researchers typically make sample size decisions in advance, whereas qualitative researchers let the data themselves guide the number of participants. Qualitative researchers do not test the effectiveness of new interventions. What does informed consent imply? a) All possible information about a study has been given to study participants. d) Study participants are able to understand the information given to them about the study before agreeing to participate. Rationale: Participants must comprehend the info about the study before they can provide voluntary consent. Informed consent means that the adequate info has been given to participants, that they comprehend the info, and that they have the right to decline to participate. Study participants have the right to withdraw at any time. In 1978, The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research released a report that covers research sponsored by the US government. This report is referred to as the:
a) Belmont Report a) Belmont Report Rationale: The Belmont Report is the basis for regulations affecting US government sponsored research. The Declaration of Helsinki is an international code of ethics prepared by the World Medical Assembly in 1964. Tuskegee is the name of a study that raised ethical concerns. The Nuremberg Code was a set of ethical standards developed in response to ethical violations by the Nazis. What principle is violated when a researcher undertakes covert observations of patients through a one-way mirror? a) No ethical principle is violated d) Respect for human dignity Rationale: Covert observation denies people of the right to self-determination (cannot decide not to be observed) and the right to full disclosure (they have not been informed about study purposes) - both of which are aspects of human dignity. What does confidentiality guarantee? a) Study participants will be informed about the nature of the research. c) Info provided by study participants will not be divulged in a manner that identifies individuals. Rationale: Confidentiality ensures that info provided by patients will not be publicly disclosed. This is an aspect of informed consent. This is the safeguard called anonymity. Confidentiality has no bearing on the study's quality and rigor. Which ethical principle does the maxim "above all, do no harm" exemplify? a) Justice d) Beneficence Rationale: The principle of beneficence encompasses freedom from harm and exploitation. Anonymity is a safeguard of privacy by which no identifying info is obtained from study participants. Justice encompasses participants' right to fair treatment. A participant's right to self-determination involves the right to decide, without coercion or threats of penalty, whether to participate in a study. Which is a possible cost of participating in a study? a) Having to pay a stipend c) Being distressed by researcher intrusiveness Rationale: Being observed or questioned about certain aspects of one's life can be stressful to some individuals. Ethical researchers take steps to ensure that this risk is minimized and that the needs of distraught participants are appropriately addressed. Participants are vulnerable (or not) based on their own characteristics and circumstances, not as a result of participating in a study. Study participants do not meet with the IRB. Study participants are sometimes given a monetary stipend for their participation- they do not have to pay a stipend. When information about ethical procedures in a journal article is limited, which single statement would provide readers with some assurance that human subjects were protected? a) A statement that a Certificate of Confidentiality was obtained. b) A statement that the study was approved by an IRB or similar committee. Rationale: When a study has been formally reviewed for its adherence to ethical principles by a concerned group, readers can usually assume that the human subjects were protected. Anonymity is a good procedure for safeguarding privacy, but does not in itself ensure that the other ethical principles were upheld. Informed consent is essential to documenting that participation was voluntary, but does not guarantee other ethical principles were upheld. A Certificate of Confidentiality ensures that the researcher would not be forced by authorities to reveal confidential info, but does not guarantee the other ethical principles were upheld. Who would be a member of a vulnerable group? a) A postoperative male patient, 71 years old d) A pregnant female, age 22 Rationale: Pregnant women are considered a vulnerable group. Being postsurgical, discharged, or an ex-convict does not make a person vulnerable. Which statement is true? a) Verbal assent should be obtained from participants who are 10-11 years old. a) Verbal assent should be obtained from participants who are 10-11 years old. Rationale: As a matter of respect, children should be asked for their assent, although consent of their parents/guardians should also be obtained. Prisoners need to give consent and are considered vulnerable subjects. Process consent is often used in qualitative studies, regardless of participants' vulnerability. With covert data collection, participants have no opportunity to consent or dissent. Which ethical safeguard is exemplified in the following: A researcher distributes unmarked questionnaires to patients in a clinic and does not ask them to write their names on the questionnaire. a) Freedom from harm or
exploitation d) Anonymity Rationale: The respondents would be anonymous because the researcher could not identify the person who provided the info. When researchers perform a risk/benefit assessment of a study's ethical dimensions, what risk and benefits should they be considering? a) The risks of the study to participants, against the
benefits of the study to both participants and society. a) The risks of the study to participants, against the benefits of the study to both participants and society. Rationale: Researchers consider how much the study will "cost" participants physically, emotionally, and financially, and weigh it against any benefits to individual participants and to society and the nursing profession. Which statement is true? a) One of the three key principles in the Belmont Report was privacy. c) Benefits of being in a study do not usually accrue directly to study participants. Rationale: The benefits of study to participants usually are indirect. Ethical dilemmas are created when: a) A stipend is paid to motivate participant cooperation. c) The rights of study participants are in conflict with research demands for methodologic rigor. Rationale: There are situations in which rigorous research procedures could conflict with ethical principles. When vulnerable subjects are involved, special safeguards must be used, but these don't necessarily result in an ethical dilemma. Which ethical safeguard is exemplified in the following? "Study participants in a qualitative study of the experience of living with COPD disease renegotiate the terms of their participation each time they are interviewed." a) Review by an IRB d) Informed consent Rationale: In a qualitative study involving multiple sessions, informed consent is part of an ongoing process in which participants and researchers renegotiate consent. Sets with similar termsEvidence Based Practice Exam 154 terms candy_jones9 332 exam review quiz questions60 terms dingram122 N42075 terms redisick Nursing research96 terms mrluisr Sets found in the same folder351 - Exam 377 terms Bri_Hanley6 nursing research midterm27 terms jcangro Week 1 Research34 terms ajrunningmom Chapter 1725 terms mec364 Other sets by this creatorNUR431 Exam 1113 terms Bri_Hanley6 Exam 114 terms Bri_Hanley6 Exam 151 terms Bri_Hanley6 Quiz 198 terms Bri_Hanley6 Recommended textbook solutions
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In which section of a research article would the following sentence most likely appear the sampling plan called for the?In which section of a research article would the following sentence most likely appear: "The sampling plan called for the recruitment of 150 mother-infant dyads from an inner-city neighborhood"? The method section.
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Which statement about research problems and paradigms as paradigms relate to qualitative and quantitative methods is true quizlet?
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