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Growth, Nutrition, and Metabolism Terms in this set (507)A man succumbed to vibriosis due to a combination of swimming in the ocean before a tattoo was completely healed and an underlying condition of liver disease. In this case the tattoo was a ______ for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium causing the infection. portal of entry The acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for the building blocks of cellular components and processes is Nutrition Which is the best term for any chemical substance that must be provided to a cell for normal metabolism and growth? Nutrient All living things have an absolute need for , such as carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. bioelements Any element or molecule that must be provided to an organism is called a(n) nutrient. Essential Incomplete healing of a tattoo led to a case of vibriosis because the tattoo site was a of for the Vibrio vulnificus bacterium. portal, entry ______ is the acquisition of chemical substances by organisms for use as an energy source or as building blocks of cellular structures. Nutrition What term describes any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal? Micronutrient Are essential chemical substances that must be consumed for normal cellular metabolism and growth Nutrients are chemical substances, such as sugars or amino acids, that are required in large quantities by cells. macronutrients Which of the following are bioelements?
oxygen Micronutrients (zinc, manganese) that are required by cells in small amounts are termed trace An essential nutrient is any element or compound that an organism must get from a source outside its cells. The function of micronutrients, or trace elements is(are): maintenance of protein structure Any chemical substance required in small quantities, such as a trace metal, is termed a(n) Micronutrient Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen and are nearly always produced by living things are called ______ nutrients. organic Which term describes chemical substances such as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are required in large quantities by cells? Macronutrient Living organisms obtain nutrients from ________ sources. both organic and inorganic sources Micronutrients such as zinc and manganese that are required by cells in small amounts are termed trace Elements Natural organic nutrients are usually the product of which of the following? living organisms Examples of _______ nutrients include magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate, carbon dioxide, and water. Inorganic ________ play an important role in enzyme function and protein structure. Micronutrients Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen are called nutrients. organic Nutrient sources for all living organisms can be acquired from and compounds organic; inorganic Which of the following are the two most prevalent chemical components of a cell? water molecules, which contain carbon, are nearly always the products of living organisms. organic
are the organic compound found in the highest concentration in a cell. Proteins A(n) nutrient is composed of an element or elements other than carbon and hydrogen. inorganic Which of the following elements compose about 97% of a cell? Sulfur Molecules that contain a basic framework of carbon and hydrogen and are nearly always produced by living things are called ______ nutrients organic The element is represented by the letter N in CHONPS Nitrogen Which of the following is NOT true regarding the chemical composition of cells? The most prevalent organic compound is nucleic acids. Which of the following is the most prevalent organic compound found in cells? Proteins True or false: About 97% of the cell is composed of 6 elements. True Which element is represented by P in CHONPS? Phosphorous Which element is represented by N in CHONPS? Nitrogen The element is represented by the letter C in CHONPS. Carbon The element is represented by the letter S in CHONPS. Sulfur Which organism relies upon organic compounds for its carbon and energy needs? Heterotroph The element is represented by the letter P in CHONPS. Phosphorus Microbes that use photosynthesis to derive their energy are classified as ______, while microbes that gain energy from oxidizing chemical compounds are classified as ______. phototrophs Which element is represented by C in CHONPS? Carbon Macronutrients in cells include carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and ______. lipids Which element is represented by S in CHONPS? Sulfur In addition to carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, microbes can utilize as a source of essential nutrients. nucleic acids True or false: Proteins are organic macronutrients that can satisfy a heterotrophs need for carbon. True An organism which acquires energy by metabolizing the nutrients from other organisms is called a(n) ____________. heterotroph Which must acquire its chemical energy from some outside source? Heterotroph In addition to nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, microbes require as a macronutrient source. Carbohydrates In addition to carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, microbes can utilize as a source of essential nutrients. (one word) lipids A(n) microbe requires only inorganic nutrients and carbon dioxide as a sole carbon source. lithoautotrophic Macronutrients in cells include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and ______ acids. nucleic bacteria lack the ability to synthesize some necessary organic compounds and will only grow if specific nutrients are provided. fastidious The majority of carbon compounds that a cell requires are: Organic A factor is an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet Growth Which of the following receives their energy from the sun's light to generate a sugar source for cellular respiration? Phototrophs Macronutrients in cells include lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and ______. carbohydrates Autotrophs can generate energy from which of the following? Sun light What term is used to describe organisms that can generate their own food from inorganic compounds? Autotrophs An autotrophic organism that utilizes light for energy and carbon dioxide primarily as a carbon source is specifically termed a photoautotrophs What is the term that describes bacteria that are unable to synthesize all of the organic compounds needed for survival? fastidious Photosynthesis that results in the production of oxygen is referred to as photosynthesis. Oxygenic What term is used to describe an essential organic compound such as a vitamin or amino acid that must be provided in the diet? Growth factor Photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen is known as ________ photosynthesis. Anoxygenic A -troph is an organism that uses the sun's light to provide the chemical energy to produce sugar for cellular respiration. Photo Microorganisms that use inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon are specifically termed chemoautotroph Autotrophs are special because They can use fairly "free" energy sources to make sugar Any microbe that uses photosynthesis to feed is specifically referred to as a(n) . Phototroph Which is a type of chemoautotroph that produces methane from hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide? methanogens _______ photosynthesis produces oxygen. Oxygenic What term is used to describe organisms which derive both energy and carbon from organic compounds? Chemoheterotroph Photosynthesis that does not utilize or produce oxygen is referred to as photosynthesis. anoxygenic
Organisms that require organic compounds for their carbon and energy needs are known as: heterotrophs Which microorganism uses inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon? Chemoautotrophs The principal energy-yielding pathway that involves the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen is called . Aerobic respiration Methanogens are chemoorganic autotrophs A -troph derives both energy and carbon from organic compounds. chemohetero A heterotroph that decomposes organic remains from dead organisms is also called a(n) . saprobe Organic compounds are the carbon and energy source for heterotrophs. True When a normally nonpathogenic saprobe causes infection in a compromised host, it is referred to as a(n) pathogen. Opportunistic Microorganisms that use inorganic chemicals for energy and carbon dioxide for carbon are specifically termed . chemoautotroph _______ involves the complete breakdown of glucose to yield carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of ATP. Aerobic respiration Organisms that derive nutrients from the living hosts are called _______. parasite Any microorganism that causes disease is a(n) _______. pathogen What term is used to describe organisms that decompose organic remains from dead organisms as an energy source? Saprobe An organism that is unable to grow outside of a living host is referred to as a(n) intracellular parasite. Obligate ______ pathogens are usually nonpathogenic microbes that cause disease in a compromised host. Opportunistic Which of the following cell structures is specialized for transport of materials into and out of the cell? Cell membrane A is any organism that obtains its nutrients from the cells or tissues by taking them from another living host. Parasite The speed and continuous movement of atoms and molecules is largely controlled by ________. temperature A is any microorganism that causes disease. pathogen Which of the following is the movement of molecules along a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution? diffusion A(n) _________ is unable to grow outside of a living host. obligate parasite is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane in the direction of lower water concentration. Osmosis A(n) permeable membrane can allow specific compounds into the cell and/or out of the cell. selectively The cell is specialized to transport substances into and out of the cell. membrane Which of the following would describe a solution which is well balanced for a cell? Isotonic True or false: All atoms and molecules are in a constant state of movement that increases with temperature increases. True The movement of molecules along a concentration gradient by spontaneous random motion to achieve a uniform distribution is termed . diffusion A solution which is will cause a cell to swell with water. hypotonic Which term is used exclusively to describe water's movement across a selectively permeable membrane? Osmosis Which type of solution contains a higher concentration of solutes? Hypertonic Membranes that only allow certain compounds into or out of the cell are called ______. Selective -lysis occurs to a bacterial cell when it loses water due to an environment that has far more solutes outside the cell compared to inside. Plasmo A solution in which the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of a membrane is . Isotonic Organisms with cell walls become _______ in a hypotonic solution because the cell wall prevents them from bursting. turgid The cell controls diffusion of most substances into and out of the cell. Membrane If a cell is in a solution that is hypotonic relative to the cytoplasm, how will water move? Into the cell by osmosis During facilitated diffusion, molecules are transported across the membrane with the help of carriers proteins If a cell loses water after being placed into a particular solution, what is true regarding the osmolarity of the solution? The solution is hypertonic relative to the cell. True or false: Each different carrier protein can only bind and transport a certain molecule. True Bacterial cells placed in a solution where the concentration of solute within the cytoplasm is less than that of the extracellular solution would undergo ______. Plasmolysis In transport, the cell supplies energy for compounds to move into or out of the cell. active A cell that has become swollen due to the influx of water is referred to as Turgid The diffusion of materials into a cell is largely controlled by which structure? cell membrane ATP is required in - transport used to transport certain sugars, amino acids, vitamins, and phosphate into the cell. Carrier Which of the following would move across the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion? glucose In the specific process of , active transport is achieved by coupling the transport of a nutrient with its conversion to a substance that is immediately useful to the cell. group What term is used to describe the "best" temperature to support a microbe's
growth? Optimal temperature Carrier proteins exhibit , which means they can only transport certain molecules. specificity White blood cells and amoebas transport large particles and other cells through . phagocytosis Which of the following is a cellular transport system that requires cellular energy? Active transport Gradual adjustment and evolutionary change that allows microbes to survive in their environment is known as _______. adaptation The range of temperatures for microbial growth is expressed as three temperatures. ardinal _______ active transport requires ATP to transport specific sugars, amino acids, and vitamins into the cell. Carrier-mediated The temperature is the highest temperature at which an organism will grow. maximum When a molecule is moved across a membrane and is simultaneously converted into a metabolically active substance, ________ has occurred. group translocation is the act of successfully adjusting to a new environment. Adaptation Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions? psychorphile Which of the following is a NOT a cardinal temperature related to microbial growth? Niche temperature Microbes that can grow slowly in cold temperatures, but have optimum temperatures above 20°C, are called ______. Psychrotrophs The temperature is the lowest temperature at which an organism will grow. minimum Because mesophilic bacteria have an optimal temperature of ° Celsius (same as human body temperature), they are the largest group of medically important microorganisms. 37 The temperature at which a species shows the most rapid growth rate is known as the cell's temperature. Optimal Microorganisms that are normally mesophiles, but can handle short exposures to high temperatures are called microbes. thermoduric From which environment would you most likely observe growth of psychrophilic microorganisms? Frozen food Where would a thermophilic microorganism be found? In natural hot springs _______ can grow in the cold and are able to cause food-borne illness, but are not true psychrophiles. Psychrotrophs Choose the temperature range of most mesophilic microorganisms. 20°C-40°C Which type of microbes are a common contaminant of pasteurized or heated foods? Thermoduric microbes A is a microorganism, such as an archaean, that thrives at extremely high temperatures (above 80°C-110°C). Hyperthermophiles Microorganisms that prefer hot environments in the range of 45°C to 80°C are called -philes. thermo The two atmospheric gases that have the greatest impact on microbial growth are and . oxygen Hydrogen peroxide is converted into water and oxygen by the enzyme _______. catalase Based upon the descriptions, identify the tube growing the obligate anaerobe tube with heavy growth toward the bottom Microorganisms which prefer extremely hot environments (80°C-110°C) are called ___ hyperthermophile What word describes a microbe that must have oxygen to survive? Obligate aerobe The atmospheric gases that most influence microbial growth are: Oxygen Which is FALSE regarding a facultative anaerobe? The electron transport system is non-functional The enzyme converts hydrogen peroxide formed during aerobic respiration to water and oxygen. catalase What word is used to describe organisms which do NOT use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways? Anaerobic An is a microorganism that can use oxygen in metabolism and process toxic oxygen products. aerobe or aerobic A(n) aerobe, or strictly aerobic organism, requires oxygen for survival. Obligate A strict or anaerobic microorganism requires the absence of oxygen for survival. Obligate A sealed jar filled with nitrogen gas or carbon dioxide can be used to cultivate bacteria. anaerobic A(n) anaerobe is capable of growing in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Facultative ____________ _________ do not use oxygen gas but are not affected by its presence. Aerotolerant anaerobes A(n) is any microorganism that grows best in the absence of oxygen. (one word) anaerobe or anaerobic What word is used to describe organisms which can use oxygen in their cellular respiration pathways? Tube with heavy growth toward the bottom A(n) is an organism that prefers carbon dioxide levels higher than those present in the normal atmosphere. Capnophile A sealed jar filled with nitrogen gas can be used to cultivate anaerobes An organism that does not use oxygen gas, but can survive and grow in its presence is referred to as a(n) . Aerotolerant anaerobe are organisms that thrive in environments with a pH close to 7. Neutrophiles A(n) is a microorganism that thrives in any hypertonic medium. Osmophile Which term describes bacteria that require or tolerate high concentrations of salt? Halophile An organism that requires carbon dioxide levels higher than those present in the normal atmosphere is called a ______. capnophile are organisms which thrive in the pressure of deep ocean depths. barophiles Which term describes any close relationship between two organisms? Symbiosis What term is used to describe organisms that exist in environments near the pH of 7? Neutrophiles Which term describes a microbe that grows in a habitat with a high solute concentration? Osmophile Which of the following describes a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit? Mutualism A(n) specifically requires a high concentration of salt for growth. halophile is the process by which a change in one symbiotic partner leads to a change in the other, which may in turn lead to change in the first partner, and these changes can continue to occur over time. coevolution What term is used to describe organisms that exist at deep ocean depths? Barophiles is the term used to describe a situation where organisms gain mutual benefit from their association but can survive independently outside the partnership. Cooperation is a close association between individuals from two species that may be helpful, harmful or neither to both members. Symbiosis, Symbiotic, or Symbioses is a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which one species derives benefit without harming the other. commensalism is a type of symbiotic relationship between two organisms in which both species benefit. Mutualism A symbiotic relationship where one organisms benefits at the expense of another is termed ____. parasitism A genetic or evolutionary change in one symbiotic partner that leads to a genetic or evolutionary change in the other symbiotic partner is known as ________. coevolution A situation where a microbe spends all or most of its life cycle inside a host cell is called parasitism. obligate, intracellular A nondependent form of mutualism, where both partners can survive independently outside the relationship is called ______. cooperation Which relationships do not require a close association between microbes? amensalism Which of the following is defined as a relationship between organisms where one benefits and the other is unharmed? Commensalism A beneficial relationship involving communal feeding between organisms sharing a habitat is called . Syntrophy is a relationship between two organisms where the host is harmed and the colonizer benefits. Parasitism or Parasitic An association where a parasite spends all or most of its life cycle gaining nutrients and support within a host cell is called ______ parasitism. obligate intracellular Which of the following describes a relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment? Amensalism Which relationship does not require a particularly close association between microbes or between microbes and other organisms? Amensalism Antibiotics released by one microbe to inhibit or kill other microbes demonstrates an antagonistic relationship called . Amensalism In one form of amensalism, microbes release specific chemicals called ______ into the environment to inhibit or kill other microbes. Antibiotics A relationship in which the products given off by one organism are usable as nutrients for another organism is called ______. syntrophy A is a complex association of microorganisms in which the members are bound to each other and a substrate by an extracellular matrix. Biofilm A relationship where microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment is known as . antagonism True or false: Biofilms are very common. True The normal resident bacteria found in or on the human body are collectively called the ______. microbiota When organisms attach to a substrate and secrete an extracellular matrix, a _______ is formed. biofilm sensing is the ability of some microbes to detect the number of other microbes and act accordingly. Quorum Most microbes on earth live in a complex, organized association known as a(n) _________. biofilm Molecules released by members of the biofilm that accumulate as the population grows and stimulate gene expression in its members are called molecules. inducer A(n) _______ is a critical number of cells required to release inducer molecules in order to form a biofilm. quorum The bacteria that normally inhabit the skin, GI tract, and other body sites are also referred to as normal resident Flora Bacteria reproduce by fission. binary Which terminology describes the ability of some microbes to detect the numbers of other microbes and alter their behavior? Quorum sensing In binary fission, the doubling time of a particular microbial species is also known as its time. generation In a normal bacterial growth curve, what quantity is represented on the x-axis? Time What are the compounds that are released by members of a biofilm that accumulates as the population grows and stimulate gene expression in its members? Inducer molecules Escherichia coli has a generation time of 20 minutes. If 1 million parent cells were placed in a flask of sterile nutrient broth and incubated under optimal growth conditions, approximately how many cells would be present in the broth after 1 hour? 8 million A critical number of members required in a group, such as a minimum number of cells in a population, is referred to as a(n) . quorum After a bacterial culture acclimates to a medium, the bacteria will divide in what type of pattern? Exponential Which is FALSE regarding binary fission? It leads to genetic variation. Which term describes the length of time of a microbial species needs to divide? Generation time What term is used to describe a graphical representation of a change in population size over time? Growth curve True or false: The rate of growth in a bacterial culture can be measured in hours, days, or weeks depending upon the species. True What common term describes the single bacterium in an original sample that gives rise to a colony on a plate? Colony forming unit Cell population growth can be represented by the number ______ with an exponent, where the exponent increases by ______ in each generation. 2; 1 The correct order for the phases of a normal population growth curve is lag, log, stationary, death Which set of numbers describe bacterial growth after the culture has acclimated to the medium's conditions? 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 phase is when a bacterial cell is placed into a new environment and cell division is slow. Lag Limited growth during the lag phase of a growth curve is due to the need for cells to ... During the phase of microbial growth, numbers of cells are difficult to count because cells are adjusting to growth media, they have not reached their maximum growth rate, and the overall number of cells is sparse. lag A curve is a graphical representation of the change in population size over time. growth The log phase of a normal growth curve is also referred to as the growth phase. exponential unit is a term used to describe a single bacterium that gave raise to an entire colony. Colony
phase of bacterial cell growth is when the number of cells dividing equals the number of cells that are dying. stationary Put the phases of a normal population growth curve in order. Lag phase Which of the following characterizes the lag phase of a normal bacterial growth curve? Little increase in cell numbers Limited growth during the lag phase of a growth curve is due to the need for cells to synthesize new enzymes to metabolize nutrients in the culture media. In which phase of bacterial growth are far more
cells dividing than dying? Exponential During which phase of growth does the number of new cells balance the number of declining cells? Stationary phase Which phase of bacterial growth involves more cells dying than reproducing? Death What term is used to describe a continuous culture system that provides nutrients and removes waste to stabilize cell cultures? Chemostat The term describes the appearance of a cloudy broth culture. turbid or turbidity Enumeration of bacteria can be achieved by the cell count, in which a cell suspension in a chamber is viewed under the microscope. direct The phase of bacterial cell growth is when the number of cells dividing equals the number of cells that are dying. Stationary True or false: A Coulter counter can differentiate between living and dead or gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. False The phase of the population growth curve involves very little cell division and an exponential decline in numbers. Death A is a continuous culture system that provides nutrients and removes waste to stabilize the growth rate and cell number of cultures. chemostat Identify the ways that salt and/or sugar inhibit microbial growth. -Increasing osmotic pressure What term is used to describe the cloudiness of a broth culture? Turbidity The count is obtained using a procedure that involves counting the number of cells in a sample microscopically using a special calibrated slide with a premeasured grid. Direct cell A high level of blood alcohol caused by reactions in the small intestine that use carbohydrates to produce alcohol causes ______ syndrome. gut fermentation A electronically scans a culture as it passes through a tiny pipette in order to obtain a cell count, but cannot differentiate between living and dead cells.. Coulter Which phase of bacterial growth involves more cells dying than reproducing? Death The combination of all reactions (catabolic + anabolic) within a cell is termed . metabolism or metaballein Salt or sugar can be used to increase ______ that will restrict the growth of bacteria in foods. osmotic pressure refers to the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism, usually with the release of energy. Catabolism In very rare instances of intoxication, yeast in the small intestine can convert dietary carbohydrates to alcohol, a situation called gut syndrome. fermentation A(n) is a biological catalyst. enzyme The term "metabolism" includes which type(s) of cellular reactions? Both anabolic and catabolic Most enzymes are a functional type of (a type of macromolecule). protein Which of the following is the decomposition of complex compounds during cellular metabolism? Catabolism Which of the following macromolecules can commonly act as a catalyst? Proteins Composed principally of amino acids, ______ act as biological catalysts, facilitating metabolic activities of the cell. enzymes Which statement is FALSE regarding enzymes? Create reactions
The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed is termed the energy of . activation Which best describes the function of enzymes? Facilitate metabolic pathways Which is NOT a method of overcoming activation energy in any reaction? Decreasing the substrate concentration An enzyme acts as a biological that alters the rate of a reaction without being changed by the reaction. catalyst Enzymes are indispensable for life because they can speed up the rate of an uncatalyzed reaction by up to 100 trillion fold. What term is used to describe the minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to proceed? Activation energy Enzymes typically lower the energy needed for a reaction to proceed. activation The is the term for a specific molecule on which an enzyme acts. substrate Identify any of the following which could INCREASE the rate of an enzymatic reaction which is currently not at optimal conditions. -Decrease temperature slightly Typically, the presence of enzymes ____ the activation energy for a reaction to proceed. lowers What name is given to the compound upon which an enzyme will act? Substrate Enzymes are typically ____ than substrates. larger Typically, once an enzyme performs a "job", it is ready to "work" again
A non-functional enzyme which needs a cofactor is called a(n) . apoenzyme A(n) enzyme consists of protein alone, while a(n) enzyme (or holoenzyme) consists of protein and nonprotein components. simple Substrates are generally than the enzymes to which they bind. smaller For an apoenzyme to become a functional holoenzyme, it must ______. bind to a cofactor Which of the following is needed for an apoenzyme to be fully functional? Cofactor Which of the following statements about enzymes are true? -Enzymes bind their
substrate but are not changed in the reaction. What term refers to a biological catalyst that lacks an essential cofactor? Apoenzyme Which of the following represent cofactors? Metal ions An enzyme with another molecule, such as a metal or vitamin cofactor, bound covalently to it is termed a(n) _______. conjugated enzyme A catalyst composed of RNA is called a(n) . Ribozymes An enzyme with its apoenzyme and cofactors is referred to as a(n) , or a conjugated enzyme. Haloenzyme Protein folding determines the 3-D shape in enzymes needed for their for a particular substrate. specificity A(n) is an organic molecule or inorganic element that may be required for an enzyme to become functional. cofactor Which best defines an active site? Region of an enzyme where the substrate binds Which of the following could not be a cofactor? Organic acids Besides proteins, which type of molecule has been shown to have catalytic activity? RNA Which aspect of an enzyme's structure gives rise to the specificity for its substrate? Folding to produce a 3-D structure Which feature of an enzyme is the "most" unique? Active site The site is the region on an enzyme that binds substrate. active Enzyme-substrate interactions are sometimes referred to as a(n) " and key" interaction. lock Slight changes occur in the shape of the enzyme in order to guide the substrate into the active site. This is referred to as a(n) . induced The bonds that form enzyme-substrate complexes are and easily reversible. weak An enzyme's site is unique for each substrate. active Often derived from vitamins, a ______ is a type of cofactor that will act in conjunction with an enzyme to carry out activity. coenzyme When combined with its apoenzyme, a(n) is an organic compound that functions to move (carry) functional groups from one substrate to another. coenzyme Which model is sometimes used to describe enzyme-substrate interactions? Lock-and-key When a substrate binds to an enzyme's active site, often an _____ occurs which brings the substrate tightly within the active site pocket. induced fit Enzymes bond _____ with their substrate. weakly A complex organic molecule, often derived from vitamins, that acts in conjunction with an enzyme is known as a(n) . Coenzyme are principle components of coenzymes and this is why they are important components of our diet. Vitamins Which of the following acts as a carrier to move a chemical group from one substrate molecule to another? Coenzyme A(n) describes any enzyme that works outside a cell in which it was produced. exoenzyme A(n) describes any enzyme that works within a cell in which it was produced. Exoenzyme A(n) enzyme describes an enzyme present in constant amounts regardless of the presence of substrate. Constitutive Which of the following is the most common component of coenzymes? Vitamins A(n) enzyme describes an enzyme that is not always present in the cell since its production responds to changes in concentration of substrate or product. regulated, inducible, or repressible What term is used to describe enzymes which work outside the cell? Exoenzymes What term is used to describe enzymes which work within the cell that produces them? Endoenzymes Most condensation reactions require an input of and result in a loss of . energy What name is used to describe enzymes that are generally found at constant amounts in the cell independent of substrate concentrations? Constitutive enzymes Reactions that involve the breaking of bonds and an input of water are called ______ reactions. Hydrolysis Which is NOT a physical condition needed for optimal function of an enzyme? Substrate concentration
The regulated enzymes is produced in response to changes in substrate or product concentration. Most condensation reactions involve the loss of: water Labile means which of the following? Chemically unstable The digestion of larger substrates into smaller molecules, involving the use of water, is usually the result of reactions. Hydrolysis The loss of the normal or native shape of a protein due to chemical or physical disruption of tertiary structure is called protein . Denaturation Which of the following can result in the denaturation of enzymes? Chemicals A(n) enzyme describes an If internal cellular enzymes are denatured, it can lead to: cell death Typically, each reaction (step) in a metabolic pathway will require one enzyme Compounds are called when they can be easily denatured, distorted and/or degraded by mild changes to the environment. labile One evolutionary strategy to deal with an "enzymatic-block" to a particularly necessary metabolic product is to have alternative enzymatic methods to synthesize the product What term is used to describe proteins losing their three dimensional structure as a consequence of changes in the environmental conditions such as excessive heat or salt? Denaturation The product of one reaction may act as the for the next reaction in a metabolic pathway. ... Each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a separate . enzyme Often, regulation of metabolic pathways occurs with activation or repression of the -maker enzyme. pace True or false: Metabolic pathways are interconnected. True In inhibition, a molecule occupies the active site which prohibits the substrate from binding and therefore, inhibits the enzyme's activity on the substrate. competative In metabolic pathways, the products of one enzymatic reaction may act as the ________ for the next step in the pathway. ... In metabolic pathways, the products of one enzymatic reaction may act as the ________ for the next step in the pathway. Substrate Metabolic pathways in which the starting molecule is regenerated through the series of reactions are called ______ pathways. cyclic What is the most common target when cells regulate metabolic pathways? Pacemaker enzyme Competitive inhibition decreases the activity of an enzyme by Blocking the active site of the enzyme Inhibitors that share binding affinity with the substrate is termed a ______ inhibitor. competitive The regulatory site of an enzyme can also be referred to as the site. allosteric
Most competitive inhibitors found in cells are products of metabolic pathways When the starting molecule of a biochemical pathway is regenerated through the series of connected reactions, it is referred to as a(n) pathway. cyclic Negative feedback is a process that ______ enzyme activity when a certain concentration of ______ is produced. decreases; product An inhibitor which binds to a site other than the active site and controls enzyme activity is called a ____ inhibitor. noncompetitive The terminology "enzyme repression" implies that the enzyme is not longer being synthesized The activity of an enzyme can be controlled through the binding of molecules to a site other than the active site that is called a(n) ______. regulatory site All cells need a constant input and expenditure of ________ in a usable form. energy In inhibition, the regulator is often a product of the enzymatic reaction. competitive Select the ways that cells manage the energy needed for metabolic reactions. -Transferring electrons A mechanism that can slow down enzymatic activity once a certain concentration of product is produced is called feedback. negative In enzyme inhibition, a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site. noncompetitive The term enzyme refers to an inhibition of the genetic apparatus responsible for replacing the enzyme which results in a decrease in the number of enzyme molecules. Repression All living cells require a constant input and expenditure of usable . Energy Chemical reactions that release energy as they proceed are called reactions. exergonic Energy management in a cell most often involves the making or breaking of chemical and the transfer of from one molecule to another. Bonds, electrons Chemical reactions that are driven forward with the addition of energy are called reactions. endergonic A chemical reaction that releases energy as it proceeds is referred to as a(n) ______ reaction. exergonic Paired reactions where an electron donor transfers electrons to an electron acceptor are called ______ reactions. redox Compounds that are oxidized will lose electrons A redox reaction involves the coupling of which two types of reactions? Oxidation and reduction
A chemical reaction that requires energy to proceed is referred to as a(n) ______ reaction. endergonic The addition of a phosphate group is referred to as . phosphorylation Collective reactions which transfer hydrogens/electrons from one compound to another are termed reactions. Redox Using an abbreviated acronym, name any one of the common coenzymes acting as electron carriers in your cells: (Do not add the hydrogen to the end) FAD Oxidation reactions are coupled with reactions. reduction Which of the following couples (links) anabolic reactions with catabolic reactions? ATP In a redox reaction, one compound is and another compound is . REDUCES, OXIDIZED Which nitrogenous base is found in ATP? Adenine How many phosphate groups does ATP contain? 3 Which term is used to describe the addition of a phosphate group? Phosphorylation Which is NOT a common cellular coenzyme that carries electrons? ADP Which of the following sugars is part of the structure of ATP? Ribose is the energy currency of the cells, coupling energy releasing reactions with energy requiring reactions. ATP The nitrogenous base is a component of ATP. adenine The high energy of ATP is located in the bonds of the groups. phosphate ATP has phosphate groups. (number) 3 To form ADP, a total of phosphate bond(s) must be broken from ATP. 1 Which of the following is best associated with the electron transport system? Oxidative phosphorylation ATP contains an adenine linked to , a 5-carbon sugar. ribose Photosynthetic organisms use a sunlight-driven electron transport chain to generate ATP via ________. photophosphorylation The study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways, is called . Bioenergetics Where do you find the high energy bonds in a molecule of ATP? The last phosphate groups How many bonds must be broken in ADP to form AMP? 1 The three coupled pathways that many organisms utilize during the catabolism of fuel molecules are , the cycle, and the chain. Krebs cycle, glycolysis, respiratory chain An electron transport system and chemiosmosis are used to produce ATP in non photosynthetic microorganisms via phosphorylation. oxidative Which of the following is correct regarding aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways? Aerobic pathways use oxygen.
Photosynthetic microorganisms produce ATP via using an electron transport system powered by light and water. photophosphorylation In respiration, electrons are transferred from fuel molecules to oxygen which acts as the terminal electron acceptor. Aerobic Which term is used to describe the study of the mechanisms of cellular energy release, including catabolic and anabolic pathways? Bioenergetics Which is the primary pathway used by heterotrophic microorganisms to obtain energy? Aerobic respiration During the last steps of glycolysis, ATP is generated by phosphorylation substrate The primary catabolism of molecules by most organisms would include which three of the following pathways? Kreb's cycle Which of the following compounds make the "best" electron donors in aerobic respiration? Sugars The major difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration is ______. using or not using oxygen The term "aerobic respiration" implies that ____ is required for the metabolic pathway to be completed. oxygen Identify any of the following which serve as energy-poor products of aerobic respiration. Water Most heterotrophic organisms use respiration to obtain energy. aerobic What occurs in the last 3 steps of glycolysis? ATP forms by substrate-level phosphorylation are used as cellular energy sources because they are superior electron donors. Carbohydrates Which of the following is an energy-poor product of aerobic respiration? Both CO2 and water Which is an energy-rich product of aerobic respiration? ATP Which of the following metabolic pathways begins with glucose and yields two pyruvates? Glycolysis Glycolysis has enzymatic steps for glucose to be converted to two pyruvates. (number) 9 The first step in glycolysis is the of glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate. phosphorylation (acronym) is the useful final product of aerobic respiration. ATP Glucose-6-phosphate is converted into -6-phosphate in the second reaction of glycolysis. fructose is the multi-step energy-yielding conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid. Glycolysis Why do the last five reactions of glycolysis occur twice for each glucose substrate? Glucose is split into 2 intermediates at step 4 Glycolysis consists of how many steps? 9 Glycolysis provides a net gain of two ATP molecules through ______ phosphorylation. substrate-level What is the first step in glycolysis? Phosphorylation of glucose By the end of glycolysis, glucose is converted into two 3-carbon molecules. pyruvic What happens to glucose-6-phosphate in glycolysis? Converted into fructose-6-phosphate For each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, the last five reactions (of glycolysis) occur times. 2 The NET output of glycolysis is ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid molecules per glucose. 2 During glycolysis, ATP is made directly by - phosphorylation. substrate In strict aerobes and some anaerobes, pyruvic acid enters the , or citric acid, cycle. Krebs enzyme inhibition is a mechanism of regulation where the active site is blocked by a molecule that resembles the true substrate. competitive At the end of glycolysis, the carbons from glucose are now located in two pyruvic acids. The location of the Krebs cycle enzymes in eukaryotes is in the matrix, while in prokaryotes the enzymes are found in the . mitochondrial cytosol For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the NET output is: 2 NADH Glycolysis provides a net gain of two ATP molecules through ______ phosphorylation. substrate-level What is the typical "next step" for pyruvate at the end of glycolysis following normal aerobic or anaerobic respiration? Krebs cycle The atom is added to NAD to reduce it. Hydrogen The Krebs cycle occurs in the ______ of eukaryotic cells and the ______ of bacteria. mitochondrion; cytoplasm For each glucose that enters glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation results in the production of ______. 2 CO2 -CoA feeds directly into the Krebs cycle. acetyl During the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA, electrons reduce . NAD At the end of glycolysis, the carbons from glucose are now located in two pyruvic acids. The Kreb's cycle has steps. 8 During acetyl CoA formation CO2 and NADH are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis. 2 For each glucose that enters glycolysis, the Kreb's cycle produces: 2 ATP
The first step of the Krebs cycle results in the formation of ________. citric acid The ATP generated in the Krebs cycle is produced by _________ phosphorylation. substrate level How many steps compose the Krebs cycle? 8 In the last step of the Krebs cycle, is dehydrogenated to produce which is then available to react with acetyl-CoA to start the cycle again. malate In the last step of the ETS, the electrons are passed to along with hydrogen which results in the formation of . oxygen or O2 During the Kreb's cycle CO2, FADH2, NADH, and ATP are produced per initial glucose that enters glycolysis. 4 or four The first step of the Krebs cycle is the formation of acid from acid and the acetyl group of acetyl CoA. citric The Krebs cycle generates ATP by phosphorylation. substrate Which Krebs cycle substrate is converted to oxaloacetate so that the cycle can begin again? Malate The final step of the ETS in aerobic respiration occurs when electrons are passed to ________. O2 What compound is composed of a heme (iron containing) component which can shuttle electrons through the ETS during respiration? Cytochrome Which component of the electron transport chain accepts electrons from NADH? Complex I Complex II of of the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the carrier called . FADH2 A(n) is an iron containing (heme) protein electron carrier in the last phases of aerobic respiration. Cytochrome Coenzyme Q is also known as , because it is very common in cells. Ubiquinone ATP synthase is principally composed of ______. amino acids What term is used to describe the process of ATP production from the ETS? Oxidative phosphorylation Complex I in the electron transport chain accepts electrons from the carrier called . NADH Which group of iron-sulfur proteins in the electron transport chain accepts electrons from FADH2? Complex II Another name for Coenzyme Q is Ubiquinone Production of ATP occurs by the process of ______, where hydrogen ions travel down their concentration gradient through channels in ATP synthase complexes. chemiosmosis ATP is an enzyme in the mitochondrial cristae that harnesses the flux of hydrogen ions across the membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. synthase The active pumping of hydrogen ions across the cristae membrane sets up a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions called the . Proton motive force (PMF) ATP is synthesized via phosphorylation during the electron transport phase of respiration. Oxidative If the membranes of the mitochondrion were permeable to protons then what would happen? Loss of proton motive force The charged gradient which is formed in the ETS results in the proton motive force In eukaryotes, ATP synthase enzymes are found on the inner membrane of the mitochondria is the generation of a proton motive force by the pumping of hydrogen ions to the outer side of the membrane during electron transport and the movement of those hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient through the ATP synthase enzyme. Chemiosmosis In bacteria, protons are moved from the cytoplasm to the space during chemiosmosis. Periplasmic As hydrogen ions accumulate between the inner and outer membranes of the mitochondrion, a(n) _____ is generated which powers ATP production. proton motive force The electron transport chain is located in the ______ membrane of eukaryotic cells and the ______ membrane of bacteria. inner mitochondrial; plasma The impermeability of the inner cristae membrane to is crucial for the maintenance of the chemiosmotic gradient. protons In eukaryotic cellular respiration, the charge gradient that exists between the inner and outer membranes during chemiosmosis is called proton motive force. Mitochondrial Which component of the electron transport system catalyzes the terminal step of aerobic respiration? Cytochromes a and a3 Protons can only cross the mitochondrial inner membrane through . ATP synthase Cyanide causes rapid death in humans and other eukaryotes because it terminates aerobic respiration by blocking cytochrome . oxidase In prokaryotes, the protons are pumped actively across the ______ membrane by the electron transport carriers. cellular At best, cells can generate ATP from the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule during aerobic cellular respiration. 38 The ETS is found embedded in the inner membrane of the of eukaryotes while the ETS is found embedded in the membrane of prokaryotes. Mitochondria; cell How many molecules of carbon dioxide are generated by the Krebs cycle for every glucose entering glycolysis? 6 The return of nitrogenous compounds to the atmosphere at the end of the nitrogen cycle is called . denitrification Cytochrome aa3, also known as , catalyzes the terminal step of aerobic respiration. cytochrome oxidase What is the ecological benefit of denitrification? Replenishes nitrogen in the atmosphere Which compound blocks cytochrome oxidase, causing a termination of aerobic respiration and death? Cyanide Fermentation results in the production of ______ ATPs than aerobic and anaerobic respiration. less What is the maximum
yield of ATP from aerobic respiration in prokaryotes? 38 Eventually, carbon dioxide molecules will be produced from one molecule of glucose by the end of respiration. 6 The reduction of nitrite to nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas by some species of bacteria is called ________.
Denitrification The incomplete breakdown of glucose in the absence of oxygen that yields only a small amount of ATP and produces a variety of byproducts is a process called . ermentation is an important process that is involved in the recycling the nitrogen contained in organisms back into the biosphere. Denitrification Aerobic respiration requires , whereas fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur without this molecule. oxygen Which serves as a terminal electron acceptor in fermentation? Organic compounds When supplies have been depleted in human muscle cells, ATP can be produced by acid fermentation for short periods of time. oxygen; lactic Which is NOT associated with fermentation? Oxygen Which term describes the incomplete breakdown of glucose due the absence of an electron acceptor for the electron transport system? Fermentation Typically, ATP are netted by fermentation. 2 True or false: Fermentation uses an organic compound for the electron acceptor. True When would human cells use fermentation as opposed to respiration to produce ATP? When oxygen is low Consider the simplified aerobic respiration formula: Sugar + O2 --> ATP + CO2 + Heat ( is simply NOT part of the fermentation pathway) oxygen Fermentation allows survival and growth in the absence of and allows colonization of environments. oxygen anaerobic Which is NOT an advantage of fermentation to microbial survival and
growth? Promotes growth in oxygen-rich areas of the host How many net ATP are generated during fermentation? 2 What adaptation explains how some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast as they would in the presence of oxygen? Increased rate of glycolysis The end product of fermentation by human muscle cells is . lactic acid Identify two different fermentation pathways. Alcoholic fermentation Some fermentative bacteria can grow as fast under anaerobic conditions as they do in aerobic conditions due to the increase in (ATP generating metabolic process) that fermentation provides. glycolysis Human cells can use both aerobic respiration and fermentation pathways True or false: Fermentation uses an organic compound for the electron acceptor. True After the generation of pyruvate, pyruvate is converted into which is typically reduced to form ethanol during alcohol fermentation. Acetaldehyde The two general categories of fermentation pathways are and fermentation. alcoholic or alcohol Which is typically reduced to form ethanol during fermentation? Acetaldehyde After glycolysis, which is the initial step in alcoholic fermentation? Conversion of pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde During fermentation, (NAD or NADH) is oxidized to form (NAD or NADH). NADH In alcohol fermentation, pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde which is then converted to . ethanol Which type of acidic fermentation produces mixed acid products? Heterolactic Which type of fermentation best describes degradation of pyruvic acid that results in the production of some combination of lactic, acetic, succinic, and formic acids? Mixed acid Which occurs during fermentation? NADH is oxidized to NAD Which of the following is true regarding alcohol fermentation within cells? Several different alcohols can be produced The production of mixed acids, one being lactic acid, during fermentation is a good definition of fermentation. Heterolactic In mixed acid fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into some combination of lactic acid Which of the following is true regarding alcohol fermentation within cells? Several different alcohols can be produced Alcoholic fermentation in bacteria could result in the production of: ... Students also viewedChapter 7 Reading Questions77 terms mcjerman Microbiology CH 766 terms aspence673 Chapter 7: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth43 terms Bran4399 Chapter 7 microbiology41 terms hunter_tylo Sets found in the same folderMicrobiology Chapter 7 smart questions145 terms Ohammouda93 Chapter 1344 terms frizzell95 Chapter 25 The RNA VIruses That Infect Humans340 terms Meepmeep11 Chapter 3 Reading Questions105 terms mcjerman Other sets by this creatorCustom: Simulation Day100 terms sophie_lin703 Dosage Calculation PN Maternal Newborn25 terms sophie_lin703 RN Maternal Newborn Online Practice 2019 A60 terms sophie_lin703 RN Fundamentals Online Practice 2019 A with NGN37 terms sophie_lin703 Other Quizlet setsCreating the constitution22 terms aGEEKdude Anatomy Test11 terms AlyssaMoreno1234 Topic 3 quiz review CWV 30115 terms Maggie_Smith421 Chapter 21 review10 terms jskier11 What type of microorganisms are able to survive and grow in refrigeration temperatures?Unlike most bacteria, Listeria can grow and multiply in your freezer and refrigerator. This is surprising to some. Listeria can also be found in soil, water, and some animals, including poultry and cattle. It can also be present in raw milk and foods made from raw milk.
What term could be used for microbes that grow best in the refrigerator?Psychrotrophs grow well at refrigeration temperatures, but better at room temperature. Mesophiles grow best at or near human body temperature, but grow well at room temperature. Thermophiles grow only at temperatures about as hot as the human hand can endure, and usually not at all at or below body temperature.
Which term describes microorganisms that thrive under high hydrostatic pressure?Biofilm in High-Pressure Environments. Piezophiles (barophiles) are microorganisms whose survival and reproduction is optimized to high pressures, such as those in deep-sea environments.
Is a microorganism that thrives in a hypertonic medium?Microorganisms that can do this and thus tolerate hypertonic environments are osmotolerant. Osmotolerant bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus can grow in a wide variety of environments with varying osmotic pressures.
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Which term describes a microorganism that thrives and divides under refrigeration conditions quizlet?
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