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Terms in this set (102)Which type of committee screens bills by holding hearings, debating, and marking up bills before allowing them to be considered by the whole House or Senate? Standing Feedback: Correct. Standing committees hold hearings and debates; they can mark up bills, rewriting or changing them by adding or deleting provisions before reporting them out for consideration by the whole House or Senate. They may also allow bills to be pigeonholed, meaning they are set aside and no action is taken on them for the entire legislative session. What rule ensures that legislation is not rushed through the voting process without proper consideration? A bill must be read on three consecutive days in each chamber. Feedback: Correct. During floor action, the Texas Constitution requires that bills must be "read on three consecutive days in each house." The purpose of the requirement was to ensure that laws would not be passed without adequate opportunity for debate and understanding. What is one consequence of gerrymandering? Gerrymandering results in vote dilution of certain individuals. Feedback: Correct. Partisan gerrymandering is the drawing of district lines to maximize the majority party's representation. District lines are drawn so that the majority party's voters are able to elect as many legislators as possible. Which of the following best describes the power an administrative agency has in implementing policy requirements set by law? Discretion Which of the following best explains why some analysts may be concerned about the existence of iron triangles? The close relationships that develop within iron triangles tend to lead to policy making that is largely hidden from the public. To what does suspension of the rule refer? Setting aside the rule that puts bills in chronological order so that other bills can be considered Which method of prolonged debate can be used only in the Senate to delay and maybe cause the bill to be changed or to not reach the floor? Filibuster What is the term that describes direct contact between an interest group representative and an officer of government? Lobbying What representative type would rely upon town hall meetings and deliberative polls to make decisions on bills before voting? Delegate What is the process of drawing district lines in such a way as to give an advantage to candidates from a certain party, ethnic group, or faction at the expense of other groups? Gerrymandering The fact that the Texas legislature is disproportionately white and male compared to the population of Texas means that it lacks what? Descriptive representation Which of the following best describes an interest group? An organization of individuals or businesses that seek to influence government policies in their favor Which of the following best explains why so many successful lobbyists are former legislators? They have already made connections and developed relationships with current members of the legislature. What is an example that illustrates legislative oversight? Legislators hold hearings to examine potential wasteful spending in an agency such as the Health and Human Services Commission. Feedback: Correct. The legislature monitors state agencies to see that these agencies are carrying out public policies as intended. The legislature requires agencies to submit periodic reports to the legislature concerning how they spend their money and conduct their operations. Why are groups such as Texas Right to Life and the National Rifle Association of Texas so successful in influencing legislators? They represent people on issues that members generally use as their primary "voting issue." Feedback: Correct. Endorsements from organizations with a large and committed following, like the National Rifle Association or Texas Right to Life, have the greatest impact. What are the terms for office for members of the legislature? Texas senators are elected for four-year staggered terms; representatives are elected for two-year terms. Feedback: Correct. Texas representatives are elected for two-year terms, but senators are elected for longer four-year terms that are staggered or overlapping. Why might economic interest groups find more success than public interest groups? Economic interest groups generally have more resources with which to lobby. Feedback: Correct. Economic interest groups may be influential because they provide money—a key resource in campaigns. Executives of banks, insurance companies, the petrochemical industry, and utility companies make large individual contributions and also contribute through political action committees. Why is the Texas Register used by interest groups? To review rule changes proposed by state agencies in order to organize lobbying efforts against proposed administrative changes that are not in their interest In situations of co-optation, who has the upper hand in the regulation process? Interest groups Feedback: Correct. The blurring of the line between state agencies and a special interest group is called co-optation (also known as agency capture) when such a close alliance develops between state regulatory agencies and their clientele group that the regulated have, in effect, become the regulators. The interest group has captured such complete control of their regulatory agency that they are essentially self-regulated. What is the gerrymandering technique that divides up a minority party's voters into so many geographical districts that their voting power in any one district is negligible (thus diluting their votes)? Cracking Feedback: Correct. Cracking is the technique of dividing up a minority party's voters into so many geographical districts that their voting power in any one district is negligible; areas that would otherwise support the minority party are split into several districts that the majority party controls. What is an activity of interest groups? All of these are correct.***** To influence government policy makers What is a consequence of both chambers of the state legislature having nonpartisan institutions that will provide information to the legislators? These nonpartisan institutions reduce legislators' dependence on special interests and administrative agencies for information. Feedback: Correct. To counteract the dominance of the special interests' informational influence, both legislative houses have established nonpartisan institutions to provide information to legislators. Why is Texans for Public Justice considered a "public interest" group? Its goal to check the influence of corporate money in politics should increase the power of all voters. Feedback: Correct. By tabulating and publicizing lists of registered lobbyists, organizations like Texans for Public Justice promote transparency in government and help keep the public informed about interest group influence in Texas. What is an informal qualification for candidates who want to win a seat in the Texas House? Being able to raise campaign funds Feedback: Correct. Perhaps the most important quality of a successful legislative candidate is the ability to raise money and to appeal to those who are willing and able to contribute to campaigns. Who is the presiding officer of the Texas state senate? The lieutenant governor Feedback: Correct. In the Texas Senate, all floor action is presided over by the lieutenant governor. Which of the following best describes why interest groups attempt to influence the executive branch in policy making? The executive branch shapes regulations as it outlines implementation for new policies. Feedback: Correct. The legislature gives the executive branch and its administrative agencies responsibility for implementation, or carrying out broad public policies, enforcing state laws, providing public services, and managing day-to-day government activities. Under which of the following circumstances would electioneering be an interest group's most valuable tool? There is an open-seat race in a competitive district where voter turnout is likely to be decisive. What was the consequence of the Shelby v. Holder Supreme Court decision? It weakened the Voting Rights Act, and Texas no longer is required to get preclearance for changes in electoral rules. Feedback: Correct. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court (in Shelby v. Holder) concluded that the formula used to determine which states were required to seek preclearance was unconstitutional. This decision resulted in Texas and eight other states no longer having to obtain preclearance. Why do many public interest groups—such as the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund—often rely on the courts instead of the legislative or executive branches to advance their members' interests? They often lack the funding to compete with other interest groups in lobbying and electioneering. Feedback: Correct. In the past, smaller and less powerful organizations turned to the courts as a last resort after they had lost policy battles in the legislative or executive branches. Which of the following interest group tactics may explain why so many Texas judicial decisions have favored corporations over consumers and workers? Interest groups representing business actively campaign for and contribute financially to the election of judges favorable to their interests. Feedback: Correct. Business groups and law firms, many of them having legal business before the courts, contribute large amounts to judicial campaigns. Critics argue that large contributions from pro-business interest groups and corporate law firms have influenced judicial decisions, shifting legal precedent in favor of corporations and putting procedural hurdles in the way of consumers and workers who might sue them. Which of the following statements most accurately describes an advantage of interest groups? Interest groups help to inform and organize the most interested citizens. Which of the following scenarios most significantly confirms suspicion that elite theory is the best descriptor of Texas politics? Despite heavy lobbying from both sides, the legislature regularly sides with corporate interests over consumer interests. Feedback: Correct. Some critics believe an elitist theory of interest groups best describes Texas politics, taking the view that the state is ruled by a small number of participants who exercise power to further their own self-interest. They contend that insurance companies, oil and gas companies, and certain utilities usually have their way with the state because they are able to pour enormous resources into campaign contributions or lobbying, which makes it difficult for the average citizen to compete. Which of the following are characteristics of a conference committee? A conference committee is temporary, consists of members from each chamber, and resolves differences between the house and senate versions of a bill. Feedback: Correct. Often the House and Senate pass differing versions of the same bill and a temporary conference committee must be appointed to resolve differences between the two versions. Conference committees are made up of five senators and five representatives, and a separate conference committee is appointed for every piece of legislation that passes both houses in differing form. What is one way that smaller interest groups can most effectively boost their political power? Join together to form an umbrella organization to hire common lobbyists Feedback: Correct. Many smaller interests join together in umbrella organizations whereby industries, wholesalers, producers, retailers, and professionals form associations to promote common policy goals. What rule makes quick and efficient law making in the Texas state senate difficult? Three-fifths rule Feedback: Correct. The three-fifths rule affects the senate's entire legislative process because it allows just 13 senators to block a bill. The irony is that although only a simple majority is necessary for final passage of a bill in the senate, a three-fifths majority is needed to get the bill to the floor for consideration. What is the primary goal of interest groups' campaign contribution efforts? To gain access to officials in the future Which is a true characterization of the short 140-day biennial legislative sessions in Texas? They create the need for more 30-day special sessions. Feedback: Correct. When work cannot be accomplished or a bill favored by the governor did not pass during a regular session, a 30-day special session, which can be called only by the governor, may take place after a regular session. What feature of the Texas legislature leads political scientists to characterize it as a citizen legislature? The legislature meets for only 140 days biennially, and the salary is low. Feedback: Correct. The Texas Legislature has often been referred to as a "citizen legislature," whose members meet for only 140 days every other year and receive only a small income for the work they do. The redistricting process is necessary to address what issue? Population shifts Feedback: Correct. The 150 House districts should be equal in population, as should the 31 Senate districts. After the 10-year census has been completed, districts must be redrawn to reflect population changes in the state and to equalize the population in each district. Which of the following statements supports the argument that Texas operates under a pluralist system? A wide variety of competing groups represent nearly every interest in the state. Legislators in Texas meet for only 140 days every other year, deal with a heavy workload and receive only a small income for their work. Because of this, the Texas legislature has often been referred to as a(n) c. citizen legislature. Legislators in Texas are subject to term limits and may only serve in office for two terms. b. False Correct. Texas legislators may serve as many terms as voters choose to reelect them. Which statement accurately characterizes the short-term, biennial sessions in Texas? d. The short-term, biennial sessions often necessitate the need for 30-day special sessions. Which statement regarding the salary and compensation of Texas legislators is TRUE? a. Most Texans feel their legislators are paid too much for the little time they are in session and want to see their salaries reduced. d. Texas legislators are the highest paid large-state legislators in the country. If the legislature in Texas wanted to achieve descriptive representation, it would need to a. elect representatives that reflect constituents' ethnic and social characteristics. a. elect representatives that reflect constituents' ethnic and social characteristics. The Legislative Redistricting Board of Texas is ex officio. This means that its members have a position on the board automatically because they d. also hold some other public office. Of all the people that represent the diverse nature of the Texas citizenry, which group is LEAST likely to be represented in the Texas legislature? a. White Anglo males, who may or may not have a college degree c. Women, who work in professional fields Correct. The members of the Texas Legislature are primarily Anglo and male. The most represented occupation is that of business owners/executives and lawyers. While African Americans have achieved descriptive representational parity with the state's overall African American population, women have not. All Texas legislators are elected from a. single-member districts. What was the Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Reynolds v. Sims? c. It required that legislative districts be approximately equal in population size. The term used to reflect the redrawing of district and precinct lines following the national census to reflect population changes is c. reapportionment. Drawing district lines in a manner that provides a political candidate with an advantage is called a. gerrymandering. Which gerrymandering technique attempts to diffuse concentrated political party voters among several districts so that their votes within any one district are negligible? b. Cracking The federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 has effectively eliminated voting discrimination in Texas. b. False Correct. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court concluded that the formula used to determine which states were required to seek preclearance (as mandated in the Voting Rights Act) was unconstitutional. As a result, the Texas Legislature continues to be dominated by Republicans at the expense of Democrats and the large portion of ethnic and racial minorities who identify with them. What
statement regarding the Texas lieutenant governor is TRUE? d. The lieutenant governor has extensive legislative, organizational, procedural, administrative, and planning authority. The Texas Speaker of the House is b. elected from among the members of the Texas House of Representatives. What is unique about the Texas state budget? c. While most states have only one budget, Texas has two. Correct. With the help of the Legislative Budget Board, the Texas legislature approves the budget on a two-year cycle. While most states have only one budget, Texas has two. Which situation is an example of the legislative practice known as a "resolution"? a. The Texas legislature uses census data to divide the population into legislative districts. c. The Texas legislature designates March as the official month of the Alamo. Which type of resolution requires approval of both houses but does not require action by the governor? c. Joint Correct. A joint resolution requires approval of both houses but does not require action by the governor. The legislature would use a joint resolution to ratify proposed amendments to the U.S. Constitution. In which situation would the Texas legislature use its bureaucratic oversight function? a. When reviewing House and Senate versions of a bill to come up with a compromise In which situation would the Texas legislature use its bureaucratic oversight function? The two types of standing committees in the legislature are substantive and b. procedural. Correct. The two types of standing committees in the legislature are substantive and procedural. These committees do much of the legislative work in both chambers of the Texas Legislature. When a committee decides to pigeonhole a bill, that bill is c. set aside and no action is taken on it. Correct. To pigeonhole a bill is to set it aside with no action is taken on it throughout the entire legislative session. Many bills are pigeonholed for lack of political support or for lack of time during the short sessions. Suppose the legislative session for the year is in its final days. A senator wants to delay the passage of a bill until the next session. What can that senator do in order to delay the passage of the bill? a. Engage in a filibuster Correct. A filibuster is a prolonged debate by a senator to delay passing of a bill. Senators may use a filibuster either to attract public attention to a bill that is sure to pass without the filibuster or to delay legislation in the closing days of the session. How many members of each house must be present for a quorum to be satisfied? d. Two-thirds Correct. Floor action refers to action by the entire House or the entire Senate to debate, amend, and vote on legislation. To take official action, each house requires a quorum of two-thirds of its membership to be present. When the House and Senate pass different versions of the same bill, a committee is appointed to resolve the differences between the two versions. What is this committee called? b. Conference Correct. A conference committee is appointed to resolve the differences between the two versions of a bill presented by the House and Senate. Conference committees are made up of five senators and five representatives, and a separate conference committee is appointed for every piece of legislation that passes both houses in differing form. Outraged by the number of fatalities in the state due to drunk driving, a group of concerned citizens voluntarily ban together to pressure lawmakers to increase spending on alcohol awareness programs. This group is an example of a. an interest group. Correct. When citizens join together in a voluntary organization that strives to influence public policy, they act as an interest group, sometimes known as a pressure group. Many interest groups press the government to spend more, but usually advocate for less taxation—especially on their own members. The simplest way to classify interest groups is based on the number of members the group contains. b. False Correct. Interest groups can be classified in a multitude of ways, but the simplest is to categorize them according to their primary purpose—economic, noneconomic, or mixed. Business and professional groups, educational groups, agricultural groups, or labor groups that seek financial advantages for their members are referred to as a. economic interest groups. Correct. Economic interest groups operating at the state level are business and professional groups, education, agriculture, and labor—these groups seek financial advantages for their members. Because they seek the betterment of society without affecting their members' finances, public interest groups such as Environment Texas are considered to be d. noneconomic interest groups. Correct. Noneconomic groups seek the betterment of society as a whole or the reform of the political, social, or economic systems in ways that do not directly affect their members' pocketbooks. Examples include Environment Texas and Texans for Public Justice. Which person exemplifies the reason why many people join noneconomic interest groups? d. Sandra strongly believes that life begins at conception. She joined the Texas Right to Life movement because of her beliefs. Correct. Many individuals who join noneconomic interest groups are motivated by personal values and intense passion like members of the Texas Right to Life movement, who have strong beliefs about conception and when life begins. Identify the example of a mixed interest group? d. A group fighting discrimination against Latinos Correct. Mixed interest groups do not fit neatly into the economic or noneconomic classification because they pursue social goals that also have clear economic effects. For example, groups fighting discrimination on the basis of ethnicity argue that such practices are not only a form of social injustice but also an economic problem that affects wages and promotions in the workplace. An interest group representative arranges to meet with a state legislator to convince the legislator to support a particular public policy. This activity is referred as d. lobbying. Correct. An interest groups' most straightforward tool for influencing public officials is contacting them directly to advocate for a particular public policy—a practice known as lobbying. In the rule-making process, the legislature allows executive agencies wide latitude to make decisions within the broad requirements set out in the law. This is referred to as d. discretion. Correct. The legislature allows executive agencies a great deal of flexibility as to how to enforce the law; they have administrative discretion, which is wide latitude to make decisions within the broad requirements set out in the law. The legislative branch authorizes administrative agencies to establish detailed rules or regulations that determine how the law shall be applied to actual situations. What statement BEST describes the idea of co-optation? d. When a government agency, established to regulate a particular industry, ends up being influenced and controlled by the agency it was supposed to regulate Correct. Co-optation refers to the development of such a close alliance between state regulatory agencies and their clientele group that the regulated have, in effect, become the regulators; the interest group has captured such complete control of their regulatory agency that they are essentially self-regulated. A group of wealthy Texans might contribute to a campaign in order to help their lobbyists "get in the door" and talk about their needs with legislative officials. This is known as gaining b. access. Correct. Access is the ability to get in the door and sit down to talk with public officials. Campaign contributions are one way to gain access. What type of lobbying occurs when special interest groups orchestrate demonstrations to give the impression of widespread and spontaneous public support for the issues they support? b. Astroturf lobbying Correct. Astroturf lobbying occurs when special interest groups have used their financial advantages to orchestrate demonstrations to give the impression of widespread and spontaneous "grassroots" public support for the issues they support. Which tactic is especially effective in generating publicity for special interest groups because it creates a sort of "theater" that is well suited for television news and online media sites? d. Organizing marches and demonstrations Correct. Demonstrations and marches generate publicity for an interest group's cause because it serves a sort of "theater" that is especially well suited for television news and online videos on media site, YouTube, and other venues. In Texas, which type of interest group is the most powerful and is frequently aligned with the Republican Party? a. Business and professional groups When many smaller interests, such as industries, wholesalers, producers, retailers, and professionals, join together to promote their common policy goals, it is called a(n) a. umbrella organization. Correct. Many smaller interests join together into umbrella organizations, in which industries, wholesalers, producers, retailers, and professionals form associations to promote common policy goals by making campaign contributions and hiring lobbyists to represent their interests. Because they have the money to maintain permanent headquarters in the state capital and can employ clerical and research staffs, groups such as the Texas Association of Business and the Texas Oil and Gas Association are considered to be among the most powerful interest groups in the state. a. True Correct. The Texas Association of Business, Texans for Lawsuit Reform, Texas Medical Association, Texas Realtors' Association, and the Texas Oil and Gas Association have been traditionally regarded as being among the most powerful organizations because they have the money to maintain permanent headquarters in Austin and employ clerical and research staffs as well as lobbyists to make their prominence known. A long-standing alliance among interest groups, legislators, and bureaucrats held together by mutual self-interest and who act as a subsystem in the legislative and administrative decision-making process is referred to as a(n) d. iron triangle. Correct. An iron triangle is a long-standing alliance among interest groups, legislators, and bureaucrats held together by mutual self-interest and act as a subsystem in the legislative and administrative decision-making process. Iron triangles operate largely outside of public view. Issue networks are likely to address a. broad public policy questions. Correct. Issue networks are dynamic alliances among a wide range of individuals and groups activated by broad public policy questions. When an issue network taps into a large set of issues important to masses of people who are seeking broad changes in the direction of government policies, the issue network has blossomed into a(n) b. political movement. Correct. Issue networks have the potential to blossom into a larger political movement, a mass alliance of like-minded groups and individuals seeking broad changes in the direction of government policies. The tea party is an example of a political movement. Interest group influence in the form of political participation through speaking, writing, and petitioning government for "redress of grievances" is a protected right guaranteed by which Amendment to the U.S. Constitution? a. First Correct. The First Amendment to the Constitution spells out our freedoms of expression: Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition government for redress of grievances. Which individual subscribes to the pluralist theory of interest groups regarding public policy in a free society? a. Colin thinks that public policy should be made by a multitude of competing interest groups, assuring that policies will not benefit a single elite at the expense of the many. Correct. Those who subscribe to the pluralist theory take the view that in a free society public policy should be made by a multitude of competing interest groups, assuring that policies will not benefit a single elite at the expense of the many. Which theory views the state as being ruled by a small number of participants who exercise power to further their own self-interest? d. The elitist theory Correct. The elitist theory of interest groups takes the view that that the state is ruled by a small number of participants who exercise power to further their own self-interest. Because Texas does not require a "cooling-off" period nor ban legislators from becoming lobbyists immediately after leaving office, many ex-lawmakers in Texas become lobbyists for the very interest groups they once regulated. This is referred to as c. the revolving door. Correct. The practice by which many ex-lawmakers become lobbyists for the very interest groups they once regulated is referred to as the revolving door policy. What are late-train contributions? d. Campaign funds given to the winning candidate after the election up to 30 days before the legislature comes into session Correct. Late-train contributions are campaign funds given to the winning candidate after the election up to 30 days before the legislature comes into session. What does NOT have to be reported by lobbyists in the report they file with the Texas Ethics Commission? a. The policy areas of concern b. The exact dollar amount of compensation received Correct. Lobbyists must report their actual clients, the general areas of their policy concerns, and their communications expenditures. While lobbyists must report the range in which their compensation falls, they do not have to report the exact dollar amount. Current Texas Governor, Greg Abbott declared ethics reform to be a top priority in his administration and he has made significant progress toward tightening the loose rules governing the behavior of lobbyists and public officials. b. False Correct. While it is true that Governor Abbott declared ethics reform to be one of his top priorities, his administration has failed to produce any reforms regarding the behavior of lobbyists and public officials. Legislative bills that would have increased transparency and reduced conflicts of interest have been vetoed by the governor. Green Peace/Parties ... Neighborhood-Citizen Groups Represent people as citizens not just as residents of neighborhoods general purpose fight for citizens interest group for any issue whatsoever. neighborhood bc effective way to start. fight for rights of people on any issue whatsoever IAF Industrial Areas Foundation very successful methods Moral Lifestyle Christian coalition Principle represent people on common citizen interests Common Cause Institutional Interest Group Principle: formed for reasons other than interest group but engage in interest group activity Governments, colleges,churches,city govts PACs (Political Action Committees) tool for all of above Principle Behind: limit power of wealthy, especially business Interest group membership income and education Lobbying Shape public policy through personal interaction with policymakers lobbyist must register Legal: Provide information legislators need (most common) Grass roots mobilization organize members to contact policy makers Some artificial as done through phone banks with fake members "Astroturf lobbying" Election Activities contributing money to candidates
Media Campaigns Shape public policy indirectly through media ads and programs that influence public; public then contacts policy makers Litigation Suing people NAACP & Brown (1954) Protest Use popular gatherings (marches, demonstrations) to influence policy Ex Save our schools austin rally in feb 2013 Upper limit: cant go too far or bump up against 1st amendment rights of assembly & speech Texas Ethics Commission Passive: Only responds to complaints; not initiate investigations Sets with similar termsGraded Exam 325 terms jcasillas74 Texas GOVT 2306 Chapter 622 terms SBCrowe Chapter 6: Interest Groups32 terms coral_langston US Government: 5.10 Lesson Assessment: Interest Gr…10 terms PennyMav Other sets by this creatorQ's for Lecture bio67 terms ataylor12345678 Exam 436 terms ataylor12345678 Exam 3210 terms ataylor12345678 Exam 2 A&P202 terms ataylor12345678 Recommended textbook solutionsPolitics in States and Communities15th EditionSusan A. MacManus, Thomas R. Dye 177 solutions Criminal Justice in America9th EditionChristina Dejong, Christopher E. Smith, George F Cole 105 solutions American Government1st EditionGlen Krutz 412 solutions Politics in States and Communities15th EditionSusan A. MacManus, Thomas R. Dye 177 solutions Other Quizlet setsMastering A&P Chapter 7 - The Skeleton44 terms Tony_Abdelmalak Segment 220 terms Charleze_Oliver BIO16 Quiz 1&2 Study Guide41 terms KAMBAM_FSU Related questionsQUESTION What are the three components that make up a synapse? 15 answers QUESTION Why is it important that muscles are made of many myofibrils bundled together 6 answers QUESTION What types of sampling errors can occur? 7 answers QUESTION What is the difference between your credit report and your credit score? 2 answers Why do many public interest groups rely on the courts instead of the legislative or executive branches to advance their members interests quizlet?Why do many public interest groups—such as the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund—often rely on the courts instead of the legislative or executive branches to advance their members' interests? They often need to defend legislative victories against opponents who bring suit against new laws.
Which type of interest group is the most powerful in Texas quizlet?Which types of interest groups are most influential in Texas politics and why? Business groups and trade associations are the most powerful.
How does the US Constitution protect the rights of interest groups to operate quizlet?Interest groups are protected by the first amendment: the right to assemble & petition against government. How does the government invite interest group participation? The legislative/ executive branches of government allow the right to petition.
What is the primary goal of interest groups campaign contribution efforts quizlet?What is the primary goal of interest groups' campaign contribution efforts? Interest groups representing business actively campaign for and contribute financially to the election of judges favorable to their interests.
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Why are groups such as Texas Right to Life and the Texas state Rifle Association so successful in influencing legislators quizlet?
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