OverviewDiabetes insipidus (die-uh-BEE-teze in-SIP-uh-dus) is an uncommon disorder that causes an imbalance of fluids in the body. This imbalance leads you to produce large amounts of urine. It also makes you very thirsty even if you have something to drink. Show
While the terms "diabetes insipidus" and "diabetes mellitus" sound similar, they're not related. Diabetes mellitus — which involves high blood sugar levels and can occur as type 1 or type 2 — is common and often referred to simply as diabetes. There's no cure for diabetes insipidus. But treatments can relieve your thirst and decrease your urine output and prevent dehydration. SymptomsSigns and symptoms of diabetes insipidus include:
If your condition is serious and you drink a lot of fluids, you can produce as much as 20 quarts (about 19 liters) of urine a day. A healthy adult typically urinates an average of 1 to 2 quarts (about 1 to 2 liters) a day. An infant or young child with diabetes insipidus may have the following signs and symptoms:
When to see a doctorSee your doctor immediately if you notice excessive urination and extreme thirst. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. To provide you with the most
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You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. CausesDiabetes insipidus occurs when your body can't properly balance the body's fluid levels. Your kidneys filter the fluid portion of your blood to remove waste products. The majority of the fluid is returned to the bloodstream while the waste and a smaller amount of fluid make up urine. Urine is excreted from your body after being temporarily stored in your bladder. A hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), or vasopressin, is needed for the fluid that's filtered by the kidneys to go back into the bloodstream. ADH is made in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, a small gland found in the base of the brain. Conditions that cause a deficiency of ADH or block the effect of ADH result in production of excess urine. If you have diabetes insipidus, your body can't properly balance fluid levels. The cause depends on the type of diabetes insipidus you have. Types include:
Sometimes, there's no obvious cause of diabetes insipidus. However, in some people, the disorder may be the result of an autoimmune reaction that causes the immune system to damage the cells that make vasopressin. Risk factorsNephrogenic diabetes insipidus that's present at or shortly after birth usually has an inherited (genetic) cause that permanently changes the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus usually affects males, though women can pass the gene on to their children. ComplicationsDehydrationDiabetes insipidus may lead to dehydration. Dehydration can cause:
Electrolyte imbalanceDiabetes insipidus can cause an imbalance in minerals in your blood, such as sodium and potassium (electrolytes), that maintain the fluid balance in your body. Symptoms of an electrolyte imbalance may include:
What IV fluids are given for diabetes insipidus?Fluid replacement
Most patients with diabetes insipidus (DI) can drink enough fluid to replace their urine losses. When oral intake is inadequate and hypernatremia is present, replace losses with dextrose and water or an intravenous (IV) fluid that is hypo-osmolar with respect to the patient's serum.
Which is used to treat diabetes insipidus?Central diabetes insipidus.
Typically, this form is treated with a synthetic hormone called desmopressin (DDAVP, Nocdurna). This medication replaces the missing anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) and decreases urination. You can take desmopressin in a tablet, as a nasal spray or by injection.
Does diabetes insipidus cause dehydration?Dehydration. If you have diabetes insipidus, your body will find it difficult to retain enough water, even if you drink fluid constantly. This can lead to dehydration, a severe lack of water in the body.
What electrolyte should be monitored with diabetes insipidus?Central Diabetes Insipidus
It is important to monitor hyponatremia, as water retention can lead to sodium concentration changes that may cause brain injury.
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