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Intro to Psychology Chapter 8

Intro to Psychology Chapter 8

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1. 1. 1 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Creativity
2. 2. 2 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Icebreaker As a class, discuss the following: 1. When someone is described as “creative,” what is the first thing that comes to mind? How do we define creative people and creativity? 2. How do you quickly solve routine problems? Does this process require a degree of creativity? Why or why not?
3. 3. 3 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter Objectives (1 of 3) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 8.1.1 Distinguish between experiential and reflective processing. 8.1.2 Explain how imagery is used in thinking. 8.1.3 Explain how concepts are used in thinking. 8.1.4 Explain how language is used in thinking. 8.2.1 Distinguish between four methods of problem solving: algorithms, understanding, heuristics, and insight.
4. 4. 4 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter Objectives (2 of 3) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 8.2.2 Outline the barriers that can interfere with problem solving. 8.2.3 Compare the problem solving of experts and novices. 8.3.1 Distinguish between four common biases that can lead to errors in decision making: framing, availability, representativeness, and ignoring the odds. 8.3.2 Explain what is meant by choice overload. 8.4.1 Describe the nature of creative thinking and how it is measured.
5. 5. 5 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter Objectives (3 of 3) By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: 8.4.2 Outline the five stages of creative problem solving. 8.4.3 Describe five characteristics associated with a creative personality. 8.5.1 Create a plan to enhance your creativity and innovation skills.
6. 6. 6 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6 Unit 1 The Basic Units of Cognition: Mental Imagery, Concepts, and Language
7. 7. 7 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Understanding Cognition Cognition: The process of thinking, gaining knowledge, and dealing with knowledge Processing a mental representation: • Experiential processing: Unconscious, effortless, and automatic • Reflective processing: Thought that is active, effortful, and controlled
8. 8. 8 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mental Imagery Characteristics of mental imagery: 1. Images are not flat like photographs 2. Images approximate what is true in the “real world” 3. Images are held in short-term, or working, memory, called the visuospatial sketch pad
9. 9. 9 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Concepts (1 of 2) An idea that represents a category of objects or events Helps us identify important features of things we encounter in the world Concept formation: Classifying information into meaningful categories • Based on positive and negative instances • Ongoing process of assimilation and accommodation
10. 10. 10 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Concepts (2 of 2) Prototype: Conceptual rules, concrete examples of “ideal model” Faulty concepts: Do not always accurately reflect reality • Social stereotypes • All-or-nothing thinking
11. 11. 11 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Language Structure • Phonemes: Basic speech sounds • Morphemes: Smallest units of meaningful speech • Grammar: Rules for making sounds into meaningful sentences • Syntax: Rules for word order • Transformation rules: Declarative sentence may be changed to other voices or forms Semantics • Semantics: The study of meaning in words and language • Denotative meaning: Exact, dictionary definition • Connotative meaning: Emotional or personal meaning
12. 12. 12 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Alternative Languages Gestural languages American Sign Language (ASL): • Uses spatial grammar, syntax, and semantics • Speech and signing follow universal language patterns Animal language: Use of cries, gestures, and mating calls • Several experiments to communicate with animals using words symbols of various kinds
13. 13. 13 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Human Diversity and Language Linguistic relativity hypothesis: The words we use not only reflect our thoughts but can shape them as well. Bilingualism: The ability to speak two languages • Not associated directly with executive functions or other cognitive abilities • Subtractive bilingualism: Eliminating a second language through immersion • Additive bilingualism: Learning a second language adds to overall competence
14. 14. 14 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discussion Activity 1 Move into groups of two. This exercise is designed to help you better understand semantic differentials. 1. Rate the word jazz by placing an X in the spaces. Connect the marks with a line. 2. Compare your responses with your teammates.
15. 15. 15 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15 Unit 2 Problem Solving
16. 16. 16 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Methods of Problem Solving (1 of 2) Algorithms • Step-by-step rules to solve a problem • Logical thought • Inductive thought • Deductive thought Understanding • Deeper comprehension of a problem • General solution • Functional solutions Heuristics • Rules of thumb or shortcut to problem solving • Random search strategy • Does not guarantee a solution
17. 17. 17 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Methods of Problem Solving (2 of 2) Insight: A sudden mental reorganization of a problem that makes the solution obvious. • Often based on a reorganization of the problem • Selective encoding: Selecting information that is relevant to a problem while ignoring distractions • Selective combination: Bring together seemingly unrelated bits of useful information • Selective comparison: Compare new problems with old information
18. 18. 18 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Barriers to Problem Solving Fixation: The tendency to get “hung up” on wrong solutions or ignore other alternatives • Functional fixedness: Tendency to perceive an item in terms of most common use • Can avoid fixation by being more flexible in categorizing the world
19. 19. 19 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Other Common Barriers to Problem Solving • Emotional barriers: Inhibition and fear of making a fool of oneself, fear of making a mistake, inability to tolerate ambiguity, excessive self-criticism • Cultural barriers: Differing values and beliefs • Learned barriers: Conventions about uses (functional fixedness), meanings, possibilities, taboos • Perpetual barriers: Habits leading to a failure to identify important elements of a problem
20. 20. 20 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Problem Solving of Experts Versus Novices Experts typically generate solutions more quickly and outside their area of expertise • Differences in the amount of prior knowledge • Understanding of surface structure, or superficial features • Recognizing deep structure as prior knowledge accumulates • Understanding of fundamentals allows focus on most relevant aspects • Transferring of knowledge and solutions
21. 21. 21 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knowledge Check Activity 1 Oscar was having a hard time figuring out how to resolve an issue, so he moved on to another task. On his drive home from work, he had an aha moment, where the solution to the problem just popped into his head. Which of the following occurred for Oscar? a. Functional fixedness b. Deductive thought c. Insight d. Algorithmic solution
22. 22. 22 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knowledge Check Activity 1: Answer Oscar was having a hard time figuring out how to resolve an issue, so he moved on to another task. On his drive home from work, he had an aha moment, where the solution to the problem just popped into his head. Which of the following occurred for Oscar? c. Insight A thinker who suddenly solves a problem has experienced insight. Insights are usually based on reorganizing a problem. This allows us to see problems in new ways and makes their solutions seem obvious.
23. 23. 23 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23 Unit 3 Intuition, Decision Making, and Cognitive Biases
24. 24. 24 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Intuition The quick, impulsive thought that does not use formal logic or clear reasoning • Thin-slicing: Quickly making sense of thin slivers of experience • Sometimes intuitive judgments are as accurate as more reflective, rational consideration. • First impressions are not always right.
25. 25. 25 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Errors and Biases in Intuition and Decision Making (1 of 2) Hot cognition: Thinking that is driven by emotions Automatic processing can sometimes lead to irrational choices. Kahneman and Tversky’s behavioral economics: Developed four common errors in decision making: framing, availability heuristic, representativeness heuristic, and base rate
26. 26. 26 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Errors and Biases in Intuition and Decision Making (2 of 2) Framing: The way a problem is stated affects decision Availability heuristic: Mental shortcut that relies on how quickly examples come to mind when evaluating a topic or making a decision • When many instances of an event come to mind, we assume it must occur often and is likely. Representativeness heuristic: Mental shortcut of judging if something belongs in a given class based on similarity to other members Base rate: The basic rate at which an event occurs over time; the basic probability of an event
27. 27. 27 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knowledge Check Activity 2 Which of the following do we use to state a problem or issue using broad patterns and terms? a. Framing b. Availability heuristics c. Representative heuristics d. Base rates
28. 28. 28 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knowledge Check Activity 2: Answer Which of the following do we use to state a problem or issue using broad patterns and terms? a. Framing The most general conclusion about intuition is that the way a problem is stated, or framed, affects decisions. Usually, the broadest way of framing or stating a problem produces the best decisions. However, people often state problems in increasingly narrow terms until a single, seemingly “obvious” answer emerges.
29. 29. 29 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29 Unit 4 Creative Thinking
30. 30. 30 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Nature of Creativity Convergent thinking: Routine problem solving with logical reasoning Divergent thinking: Many possibilities are developed from one starting point: • Intuitive and associative • Fluency: The total number of suggestions you can make • Flexibility: The number of times you shift between potential uses • Originality: How novel or unusual your ideas are • Must be high quality and relevant to solving original problem
31. 31. 31 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Stages of Creative Thought Five stages occur in creative problem solving: 1. Orientation: Defining the problems and important dimensions 2. Preparation: Gather information on specific problem 3. Incubation: Problem solving on a subconscious level 4. Illumination: Rapid insight. 5. Verification: Test and critically evaluate the solution
32. 32. 32 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Creative Personality Researchers have found that creative people: 1. Are not necessarily highly intelligent and vice versa 2. Have a greater-than-average range of knowledge and interests 3. Open to a wide variety of experiences 4. Enjoy symbolic thought, ideas, concepts, and possibilities 5. Value independence and prefer complexity
33. 33. 33 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Some Tests of Divergent Thinking
34. 34. 34 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discussion Activity 2 Move to groups of three or four. As a group, consider the following questions: 1. Do you think it is possible to increase your level of creativity? Why or why not? 2. If so, what are some of the things you can do to increase creativity?
35. 35. 35 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35 Unit 5 Psychology and Your Skill Set: Creativity and Innovation
36. 36. 36 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The DNA of Innovation (1 of 2) Making associations: The ability to connect ideas, questions, or concepts that seem to be completely unrelated Asking questions: Challenge conventions and refuse to accept the status quo • Mental set: Tendency to perceive a problem in a way that blinds us to possible solutions
37. 37. 37 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Mental Set Problem Solutions
38. 38. 38 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The DNA of Innovation (2 of 2) Seek varied input through networking • Brainstorming: Producing and evaluating ideas are kept separate to encourage divergent thinking. • Cross-stimulation effect: One person’s ideas trigger ideas from others Observe and experiment • May require trial and error • Ask questions
39. 39. 39 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Discussion Activity: Pair-Share Move into groups of two and discuss the following questions: 1. How can you use the information you learned about creativity the next time you are assigned a group project? 2. Would the brainstorming process contribute to group work? Why or why not?
40. 40. 40 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Self-Assessment Can you distinguish between experiential and reflective processing? Explain how imagery is used in thinking. Compare types of heuristics used in decision making. In what way does language and culture affect our ability to generate new ideas or possibilities during thinking? Identify and compare steps in becoming a more creative thinker.
41. 41. 41 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (1 of 3) Now that the lesson has ended, you should have learned how to: • Distinguish between experiential and reflective processing. • Explain how imagery is used in thinking. • Explain how concepts are used in thinking. • Explain how language is used in thinking. • Distinguish between four methods of problem solving: algorithms, understanding, heuristics, and insight.
42. 42. 42 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (2 of 3) Now that the lesson has ended, you should have learned how to: • Outline the barriers that can interfere with problem solving. • Compare the problem solving of experts and novices. • Distinguish between four common biases that can lead to errors in decision making: framing, availability, representativeness, and ignoring the odds. • Explain what is meant by choice overload. • Describe the nature of creative thinking and how it is measured.
43. 43. 43 Coon, Introduction to Psychology, 16th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Summary (3 of 3) Now that the lesson has ended, you should have learned how to: • Outline the five stages of creative problem solving. • Describe five characteristics associated with a creative personality. • Create a plan to enhance your creativity and innovation skills.

What is a sudden mental reorganization of a problem that can make the solution to it seem obvious?

When you use a mental shortcut to solve a problem this is called?

What is a mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others?

What is a mental shortcut in the form of a general problem