Defining DevelopmentThe science of humandevelopment...
people of all ages and circumstanceschange or remain the same overtime.Defining DevelopmentUnderstanding How and WhyScientific method
Five basic steps of the scientificmethod
The Scientific MethodA sixth and crucial step-replication-isoften needed before the scientificcommunity accepts conclusions.Replication
Process, Not ProofThe Nature-Nurture DebateNature
Nurture
Others view development as acontinuous process.Patterns ofDevelopmental GrowthLife-Span PerspectiveDevelopment is multidirectional.Critical period
Sensitive period
or happens most easily, although it may still happen later with more difficulty The Life-Span PerspectiveDevelopment is multicontextual.Ecological-systems approach
The Life-Span PerspectiveDevelopment is multicontextual.Ecological systems (Bronfenbrenner)Each person is affected by manysocial contexts and interpersonalinteractions.Three nested levels surroundindividuals and affect them.Approach later named bioecologicaltheory.occupation, education, and place of residence The Life-Span PerspectiveDevelopment Is multicultural.Culture
Social construction
Socioeconomic Statusand Human DevelopmentGlobal TrendsInfant Mortality in the U.The Life-Span PerspectiveDevelopment Is Multicultural.Difference-equals-deficit error
Vygotsky: Guided participation
The Life-Span PerspectiveDevelopment Is multicultural.Ethnic group
RaceNotice that there are as many arrows going down as there are going up, at all levels. Although development begins with genes at conception, it requires that all four factors interact.Red Means StopAt top, the red areas on this PETscan show abnormally low metabolicactivity and blood flow in a depressedperson’s brain, in contrast to thenormal brain at bottom.The Life-Span PerspectiveMultidisciplinary research ondepressionDepression
Links to depression
Why?Interpretation of these data depends on the interpreter’s assumption. The low rates in Japan could be caused by something wonderful in Japanese culture—close human bonds, for instance. Or it could be something negative— repression of emotions, perhaps, which would reduce the rate of diagnosed depression, but not the rate of actual depression. As with the results of most research, data often raise new questions. The Life-Span Perspectivemultidisciplinary nature of development
The Life-Span PerspectiveDevelopment is plastic.
Three insights advance benefits ofprediction.
Using the Scientific MethodScientific Observation
Using the Scientific MethodStatistical measures often used toanalyze research results
Who Participates?
How to Conduct an ExperimentUsing the Scientific MethodThe Survey
I Forgot?If this were the only data available, you might conclude that ninth-graders have suddenly become more sexually active than twelfth- graders. But we have 20 years of data—those who are ninth-graders now will answer differently by twelfth grade. Studying Development over the LifeSpanCross-sectional Research
Longitudinal Research
Cross-sequential Research
Which Approach Is Best?Which Approach Is Best?Cautions from ScienceCorrelation and Causation
EthicsEach academic discipline andprofessional society involved in thestudy of human development has acode of ethics.
(IRB) ensures that researchfollows established guidelines andremains ethical.
confidential, and harmless.
informed consent- understand theresearch procedures and any risksinvolved.Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation?Naturalistic Observation Examples
An example of a naturalistic observation study would be researchers studying monkeys in their natural environment.
What is implied when human development is described as dynamic?What is implied about human development when it is described as dynamic? It is implied that there is an ongoing, ever changing, interaction between the physical and cognitive, and psycho social influences. Why is it more accurate to consider the system development rather than each part in isolation?
What two contrasting ways is human development plastic?Plasticity that (A) accommodates via interaction with environment across the period of growth and development, and (B) that sets the strategy for life in response to cues of past environments conveyed during a brief early-life sensitive period.
What does the science of human development seek to understand?Human development is a branch of psychology that studies—and strives to optimize—the elements that help people live healthy and fulfilling lives. This field aims to understand the various changes individuals and their relationships go through as they continue to learn and grow.
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An idea that is built on shared perceptions, not objective reality, created by a society
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