An individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or her

Chapter 131.An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is his or herA.self-esteem.B.personality.C.reality principle.D.hierarchy of needs.Answer:B

2.The concept ofpersonalitymost clearly embodies the notion of

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3.Mary enjoys socializing with friends and talking with them on her cellphone. Eileen prefers quiet times by herselfwhen she can reflect on her own thoughts. The characteristics of Mary and Eileen indicate that each has adistinctive

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4.By professional training, Freud was a

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5.Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptomsA.resulted from the physical abuse they received from their parents during childhood.B.reflected an internal locus of control.C.illustrated a reciprocal determinism.D.made no neurological sense.Answer:D

6.Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to

Presentation on theme: "Personality A person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting."— Presentation transcript:

1 Personality A person’s pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.

2 Types of Personalities Type A Feel time pressure. Easily angered. Competitive and ambitious. Work hard and play hard. More prone to heart disease than rest of population. Type B Relaxed and easygoing. But some people fit in neither type.

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4 Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality Fathered by Sigmund Freud. Idea of the Libido moving to different parts of our body. Stages of Psycho-Sexual Development 1.Oral 2.Anal 3.Phallic 4.Latent 5.Genital Sigmund Freud What’s on our minds!!! What’s on your mind???

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6 Our Personality Conscious- things we are aware of. Preconscious- things we can be aware of if we think of them. Unconscious- deep hidden reservoir that holds the true “us”. All of our desires and fears.

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8 Freud’s Concept of Personality (Psyche) Ego Superego Id

9 Exists entirely in the unconscious (so we are never aware of it). Our hidden true animalistic wants and desires. Works on the Pleasure Principle Avoid Pain and receive Instant Gratification.

10 Ego Develops after the Id Works on the Reality Principle Negotiates between the Id and the environment. In our conscious and unconscious minds. It is what everyone sees as our personality. You meet an attractive girl. Your id says just take her, but your ego does not want to end up in jail. So you ask her out and try to impress her.

11 Superego Develops last at about the age of 5 It is our conscience (what we think the difference is between right and wrong) The Ego often mediates between the superego and id.

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13 Defense Mechanisms The ego has a pretty important job…and that is to protect you from threatening thoughts in your unconscious. One way it protects us is through defense mechanisms. You are usually unaware that they are even occurring.

14 Scenario Quarterback of the high school football team, Brandon, is dating Jasmine. Jasmine dumps Brandon and starts dating Drew, president of the chess club. Drew Brandon Jasmine

15 Repression Pushing thoughts into our unconscious. When asked about Jasmine, Brandon may say “Who?, I have not thought about her for awhile.” Why don’t we remember our Oedipus and Electra complexes?

16 Denial Not accepting the ego-threatening truth. Brandon may act like he is still together with Jasmine. He may hang out by her locker and plan dates with her.

17 Displacement Redirecting one’s feelings toward another person or object. Often displaced on less threatening things. Brandon may take his anger out on another kid by bullying.

18 Projection Believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneself. Brandon insists that Jasmine still cares for him.

19 Reaction Formation Expressing the opposite of how one truly feels. Cootie stage in Freud’s Latent Development. Brandon claims he hates Jasmine.

20 Regression Returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior. Brandon begins to sleep with his favorite childhood stuffed animal.

21 Rationalization Coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable outcome. Brandon thinks he will find a better girlfriend. “Jasmine was not all that anyway!” I really did not want to go to ……..anyway, it was too ……

22 Intellectualization Undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic. Brandon starts doing a research paper on failed teenage romances.

23 Sublimation Channeling one’s frustration toward a different goal. Sometimes a healthy defense mechanism. Brandon starts to learn how to play the guitar and writing songs (or maybe starts to body build).

24 Criticisms of Freud He really only studied wealthy woman in Austria. His results are not empirically verifiable (really hard to test). No predictive power. Karen Horney said he was sexist with the “penis envy” and there is an actual “womb envy”.

25 Neo-Freudians Psychodynamic Theories Eric Erickson Carl Jung and his concept of the “personal” and “collective” unconscious. Alfred Adler and his ideas of superiority and inferiority. Adler also talked about birth order and how it played a part in personality.

26 Psychoanalysis Today Couch sitting Transference is likely to happen. The idea is to delve into your unconscious. Pull out Manifest Content. Then talk about the Latent Content.

27 Getting into the Unconscious Hypnosis Dream Interpretation Free Association (having them just randomly talk to themselves…and then interpreting the conversation). Projective Tests (and test that delves into the unconscious). Examples are TAT and Inkblot Tests.

28 TAT Thematic Apperception Test The test subject is given a picture that is ambiguous and asked to give a story as to what is occurring. Manifest vs. latent content SILENTLY – as you view the following slides, write a few sentences giving the STORY of what is happening or has happened.

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32 Rorschach Inkblot Test The most widely used projective test A set of ten inkblots designed to identify people’s feelings when they are asked to interpret what they see in the inkblots. SILENTLY - for the following five slides, write the first thing that comes to your mind.

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34 Interpretation… Popular Responses: – Bat, Butterfly, Moth Comments: – When seeing card I, subjects often inquire on how they should proceed, and questions on what they are allowed to do with the card (e.g. turning it) are not very significant. Being the first card, it can provide clues about how subjects tackle a new and stressful task. It is not, however, a card that is usually difficult for the subject to handle, having readily available popular responses.

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36 Interpretation… Popular Responses – Two humans, 4 legged animal, dog, elephant, bear Comments – The red details of card II are often seen as blood, and are the most distinctive features. Responses to them can provide indications about how a subject is likely to manage feelings of anger or physical harm. This card can induce a variety of sexual responses.

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38 Interpretation… Popular Responses – Two humans, human figures, human Comments – Card III is typically perceived to contain two humans involved in some interaction, and may provide information about how the subject relates with other people (specifically, response latency may reveal struggling social interactions).

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40 Interpretation… Popular Responses – Animal hide, skin, rug Comments – Card IV is notable for its dark color and its shading (posing difficulties for depressed subjects), and is generally perceived as a big and sometimes threatening figure; compounded with the common impression of the subject being in an inferior position ("looking up") to it, this serves to elicit a sense of authority. The human or animal content seen in the card is almost invariably classified as male rather than female, and the qualities expressed by the subject may indicate attitudes toward men and authority. Because of this Card IV is often called "The Father Card".

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42 Interpretation… Popular Responses – Bat, butterfly, moth Comments – Card V is an easily elaborated card that is not usually perceived as threatening, and typically instigates a "change of pace" in the test, after the previous more challenging cards. Containing few features that generate concerns or complicate the elaboration, it is the easiest blot to generate a good quality response about.

43 Trait Theories of Personality They believe that we can describe people’s personalities by specifying their main characteristics (traits). Traits like honesty, laziness, ambition, outgoing are thought to be stable over the course of your lives.

44 Nomothetic Theories The same traits can be used to describe all peoples personalities. Introversion-Extroversion scale BIG FIVE personality traits: 1.Extraversion 2.Agreeableness 3.Conscientiousness 4.Openness to experience 5.Emotional Stability Factor Analysis is used to see the clusters and score these tests. Vinnie and The Situation from the Jersey Shore provide some nice, introvert/extrovert examples.

45 Idiographic Theorists Using the same set of traits to classify everyone is impossible. Each person may have a few traits that are unique to them (selfish may be important to describe one person but not another). Gordon Allport and his cardinal dispositions (also central and secondary).

46 Trait Theory Criticism Do NOT take into account the importance of the situation.

47 Biological Theories of Personality What % of personality is inherited – heritability? We are not sure BUT temperaments do seem to be stable from infants to old age.

48 Somatotype Theory A biological Theory by William Sheldon. Endomorphs (heavier people) tend to be friendly and outgoing. Mesomorphs (muscular) tend to be more aggressive. Ectomorphs (thin) tend to be more shy and secretive. Study has not been replicated.

49 Behaviorist Theory of Personality The way most people think of personality is meaningless. Personality changes according to the environment (reinforcers and punishments). If you change environment, then you change the personality.

50 Humanistic Theory of Personality Do not believe in Determinism (your actions are dictated by your past). They believe that humans have free will (our ability to choose your own destiny). We are innately good and as long as our self-esteem and self- concept are positive we will be happy.

51 Carl Rogers The object of humans is to become self-actualized. We are like Acorns What do Acorns need to grow? Water, sun, & soil. Except to grow into healthy humans we need: Genuineness Acceptance (Unconditional Positive Regard) Empathy

52 Social-Cognitive Theories on Personality Focus on how we interact with our culture and environment Albert Bandura is back!!! Reciprocal Determinism (traits, environment and behavior all interact and influence each other.)

53 Social-Cognitive Theories on Personality Internal Locus of Control External Locus of Control External Locus of Control can lead to a state of learned helplessness. Learned Helplessness Classroom Example

54 Assessing Personality Most common way is self-report inventories. MMPI- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Test must be Reliable- does it yield the same results over time. Valid- does it measure what it is supposed to measure.

55 Sample MMPI Questions True/ False 1.I like mechanics magazines 2.I have a good appetite 3.I wake up fresh & rested most mornings 4.I think I would like the work of a librarian 5.I am easily awakened by noise 6.I like to read newspaper articles on crime 7.My hands and feet are usually warm enough 8.My daily life is full of things that keep me interested 9.I am about as able to work as I ever was 10.There seems to be a lump in my throat much of the time 11.A person should try to understand his dreams and be guided by or take warning from them 12.I enjoy detective or mystery stories 13.I work under a great deal of tension 14.I have diarrhea once a month or more 15.Once in a while I think of things too bad to talk about 16.I am sure I get a raw deal from life 17.My father was a good man 18.I am very seldom troubled by constipation 19.When I take a new, I like to be tipped off on whom should be gotten next to 20.My sex life is satisfactory 21.At times I have very much wanted to leave home 22.At times I have fits of laughing & crying that I cannot control 23.I am troubled by attacks of nausea and vomiting 24.No one seems to understand me 25.I would like to be a singer 26.I feel that it is certainly best to keep my mouth shut when I’m in trouble 27.Evil spirits possess me at times 28.When someone does me a wrong I feel I should pay him back if I can, just for the principle of the thing. 29.I am bothered by acid stomach several times a week 30.At times I feel like swearing 31.I have nightmares every few nights 32.I find it hard to keep my mind on a task or job 33.I have had very peculiar and strange experiences 34.I have a cough most of the time 35.If people had not had it in for me I would have been much more successful 36.I seldom worry about my heath 37.I have never been in trouble because of my sex behavior 38.During one period when I was a youngster I engaged in petty thievery 39.At times I feel like smashing things 40.Most any time I would rather sit and daydream than to do anything else 41.I have had periods of days, weeks, or months when I couldn’t take care of things because I couldn’t “get going” 42.My family does not like the work I have chosen ( or the work I intend to choose for my life work) 43.My sleep is fitful and disturbed 44.Much of the time my head seems to hurt all over 45.I do not always tell the truth 46.My judgment is better than it ever was 47.Once a week or oftener I feel suddenly hot all over without apparent cause 48.When I am with people I am bothered by hearing very queer things 49.It would be better if almost all laws were thrown away 50.My soul sometimes leaves my body 51.I am in just as good physical health as most of my friends 52.I prefer to pass by school friends, or people I know but have not seen for a long time, unless they speak to me first 53.A minister can cure disease by praying and putting his hand on your head 54.I am liked by most people who know me 55.I am almost never bothered by pains over the heart or in my chest 56.As a youngster I was suspended from school one or more times for cutting up 57.I am a good mixer 58.Everything is turning out just like the prophets of the Bible said it would 59.I have often had to take orders from someone who did not know as much as I did 60.I do not read every editorial in the newspaper everyday 61.I have not lived the right kind of life 62.Parts of my body often have feeling like burning, tingling, crawling, or like “going to sleep” 63.I have had no difficulty in starting or holding my bowel movement 64.I sometimes keep on at a thing until others lose their patience with me 65.I loved my father 66.I see things or animals or people around me that others do not see 67.I wish I could be as happy as others seem to be 68.I hardly ever feel pain in the back of the neck 69.I am very strongly attracted by members of my own sex 70.I used to like drop-the-handkerchief 71.I think a great many people exaggerate their misfortunes in order to gain the sympathy and help of others 72.I am troubled by discomfort in the pit of my stomach every few days or oftener 73.I am an important person 74.I have often wished I were a girl. (Or if you are a girl) I have never been sorry that I am a girl 75.I get angry sometimes

56 Be careful of the Barnum Effect!!! People have the tendency to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality. Horoscopes, astrologers and psychics all use this concept. Aries (March 21-April 19): Do some detective work so that you can better understand those you love. Figure out what the other person is going through. Only then will you find out how you can help. Taurus (April 20-May 20): In your midst, there's a person intent on the worst-case scenario. He or she is a valuable ally today. You'll find humor in the exaggeration, and your laughter is healing. Gemini (May 21-June 21): Go out of your way to add elements of absurdity to your day. Your quality of life will be increased immeasurably. Cancer (June 22-July 22): A strength exaggerated becomes a weakness. But does a weakness exaggerated become a strength? Highlight a limitation and you'll find you're better off for having this flaw. Leo (July 23-Aug. 22): People pay attention when you walk into the room today. Make your exit with equal grace. Leave before they want you to and they'll want more. Virgo (Aug. 23-Sept. 22): Show up in person. You have more than your fair share of charisma today. Noting your winning presence, others will want to help you succeed. Libra (Sept. 23-Oct. 23): You have a talent for making relationships work. You're full of solutions, but it's important to know which problem is the most pressing. Pump the other person for information. Scorpio (Oct. 24-Nov. 21): There is a fine line between sharing and over-sharing. Give others the sense of who you are. But do it briefly. Sagittarius (Nov. 22-Dec. 21): Relating to others has very little to do with what or who you know. Most people are thinking about themselves and what you can do for them. If you make them feel good about themselves, they'll like you. Capricorn (Dec. 22-Jan. 19): You're in danger of being too thrifty. Show some disregard for the rules of frugal finance. As you spend, you'll widen the channel for greater earning. Aquarius (Jan. 20-Feb. 18): It would benefit you to get involved in a group effort. There is much you could contribute, and you have much to gain. You'll ask excellent questions and learn all you need to know to fit in nicely. Pisces (Feb. 19-March 20): You will be certain of your course. But that alone will not be enough to make it go the way you want. Whatever happens, don't complain or explain.

What is an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and acting?

Which of the following best describes an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking?

Is a pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act?

What is the patterns of feelings motives and behavior that set people apart from one another?