Based on recent social psychological research which of the following statements is true

1.    What do the preface to Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology and the original constitution of the American Psychological Association have in common?

They both emphasized the scientific nature of the new psychology

A research methods course differs from a course in developmental psychology by emphasizing

A research methods course is to social psychology as (blank) is to (blank)

Which of the following is not listed in the text as a reason for taking research methods course

It is the most important course in psychology curriculum for achieving self-understanding

Why is it important for professional psychologists to be familiar with research methods

a.they might need to perform an evaluation to determine the effectiveness of an agency’s program

b.they might need to critically evaluate the scientific evidence for the effectiveness of some new clinical treatment for depression

c.both alternatives a. and b. are true (answer)

When students assume that their textbook must be correct they are relying on (blank) as a way of knowing

Which of the following is true about relying on authority as a way of searching for the truth?

the authority could be wrong

Relying on authority as a basis for fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements?

My country, right or wrong

Ted argues that the mind equals the brain. His argument is based on the assertion that the mind ceases to function when the brain ceases to function. This illustrates which of Peirce’s ways of fixing belief?

As a way of fixing belief, Peirce's a priori method relies heavily on

convincing others through logical arguments

Peirce was critical about the a priori method as a way of forming belief because 

carefully reasoned arguments can produce opposite conclusions

The problem with relying on belief that "experience is the best teacher" is that

Our experiences might be limited and influenced by bias

If our experiences include some unforgettable events, we might overestimate how often those kinds of events occur. This is called

The availability heuristic

Our experiences can be a valuable guide to the truth, but drawing firm conclusions from experience can be affected by our tendencies to ignore events that don’t support our beliefs. That is, we sometimes

According to Thomas Kuhn, it is generally a good thing for scientists to hang on to their pet theories tenaciously. Why?

by vigorously advocating their theory, it won’t be abandoned without a thorough test

Relying on Peirce’s a priori method as a way of fixing belief is illustrated by which of the following statements?

Becuase all events have causes, there must be some First Cause greater than all the rest

Students sometimes change their answers on multiple-choice questions. Many students believe that the most common outcome is that they change from the correct answer to a wrong answer, despite research that shows that students more often change from an incorrect answer to a correct one. What accounts for the strength of this erroneous belief?

Social cognition biases that distort their beliefs of their experiences

As psychologists use the term, determinism means that

Events can be predicted with greater than chance probability

Research psychologists believe all of the following except

if statistical determinism is true, then free choices cannot be made

What did the philosopher Rudolph Carnap have to say about the freedom of choice?

The ability to make meaningful choices demands that events be orderly and predictable

A major characteristic of psychological science is its objectivity, which means that

Observations can be verified by more than a single observer

An objective observation is one

that can be verified by a second observer

The major shortcoming with introspection as a method was that

observations could not be verified--they were too subjective 

The method of introspection was gradually replaced by behavioral methds because

the latter was more objective

insist on empirical support for assertions 

Scientific thinking by psychologists is characterized by all of the following except

they are most interested in finding answers to the “big” questions (e.g., mind-body)

With which of the following attributes of scientific thinking is most likely to confuse and frustrate the general public?

The recognition that conclusions are tentative 

Questions can be answered through systematic observation and data collection are called 

Which of the following is most clearly phrased as an empirical question

Do Catholics believe in the reality of hell?

answerable with objective data

Which of the following is not an empirical question

are prayers regularly answered by god?

Phrenology originated in the legitimate scientific attempt to

Study localization of brain function

Phrenology eventually failed as a science because

It avoided disproof by having an explanation for every possible outcome

Which of the following is true about graphology

a.it relies on anecdotes as supporting evidence

b.it reduces complexity to simplicity

c.it uses multiple measurements and calculations to appear scientific

d.all of the above (correct answer)

All of the following generally characterize pseudoscience except

They take simple concepts and make them seem overly complex

Which of the following is true about pseudoscience

Pseudoscientific theories are flexible enough to account for any outcome and are therefore untestable as theories

In general, pseudoscience theories

avoid disproof by describing their studies in vague terms

People often will believe that learning graphology will allow them to assess one’s personality. One reason is motivational—having spent $30, they convince themselves of the value of the experience and work harder to bring about the desired outcome. This phenomenon is called

A way to scientifically test (and potentially falsify) graphology's claim is to 

a.collect writing samples whose topics are not about the individual (e.g., copy a piece of text)       

b.compare graphology’s results with those of valid and reliable personality tests

c.avoid anecdotal evidence   

d.all of the above (correct answer)

Researchers studying children and attempting to develop a classification system for children’s play are illustrating which of psychology’s goals?

Regular and predictable relationships between variables are called

Which of the following is not an important factor when determining that X is causing Y to occur

X and Y should occur simultaneously

Psychologists would conclude that frustration was a cause of aggression if it could be shown that

a.when frustration occurred, aggression also occurred with some regularity

b.other explanations for the aggression could be ruled out under the circumstances

c.the frustration preceded the aggression

d.all of the above (correct)

When psychologists use the various principles that have been established through research to help people, they are meeting the goal of 

Which of the following is an example of describing behavior

Test-anxious subjects left the exam sooner than non-anxious subjects

Which of the following is an example of predicting behavior

Students with test anxiety should perform better on oral than written tests

Ergonomic psychologists develop airplane dials that are fool proof. That is, pilots cannot inadvertently turn them the wrong way. This demonstrates the use of which of psychology's goals?

The statement “Many students likely fear taking the research methods course” is an example of ________ behavior; the statement “The fear of taking the research methods course is caused by unfounded gossip” is an example of _________ behavior.

Eleanor Gibson's creation of the visual cliff was motivated by her interest in...

B. F. Skinner first uncovered evidence of extinction in his laboratory when

His apparatus malfuntioned

People are using their own personal system of ethics when they make statements like this

I don't think it is a good idea to physically punish children

All of the following are the kinds of statements that derive from one's system of ethics except

a.I don’t think it is appropriate to allow children to watch more than three hours of TV per day b.. People should not be allowed to have pets; it’s slavery

c.I don’t think it is appropriate to separate mind from body; the mind is just a looser term for the brain (correct answer)

d.If you spare the rod, you will produce an emotionally healthy child

The purpose of Watson and Rayner's Little Albert study was to 

determine if emotional responses could be conditioned

How did Watson and Rayner justify doing the Littel Albert study

They thought he was strong and healthy and would not be harmed by the procedure

What was Myrtle McGraw’s purpose in doing the “pin-pricking” study with infants?

She wanted to study physiological maturation in the infants

Dennis studied a pair of female twins. What was true about his study

He was able to show that twins have about the same IQ, even if raised in different environments

When formulating the original APA code of ethics, the Hobbs committee used an empirical procedure called the ________ method 

What was the "critical incidents" technique

A survey procedure used to elicit examples of unethical conduct by psychologists

The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. Which of the following is true

a.the standards are “aspirational goals” guiding the general behavior of psychologists

b.the principles are “enforceable rules of conduct” for psychologists

c.both alternatives a. and b.

d.none of the above (correct answer)

The most recent APA code (2002) includes 5 general principles and 89 standards. One of the general principles obligates researchers to continually weigh the profit and the cost of the research they complete. Which general principle is this?

beneficence and nonmaleficence 

In the original Milgram obedience experiment, the research participants played the role of 

The most recent APA code(2002). The general principle are "aspirational goals" which of the following is an example of an aspirational goal

Concern for the rights and dignity of others

Milgram's participants thought they were in a study about _____ when in fact they were in a study about ______.

Punishment and learning; obedience

When planning any study, the research psychologist faces the conflicting demands of producing meaningful research and

Respecting the rights of human participants

If a study is planned by a research psychologist but actually carried out by a graduate student, who holds primary responsibility for the “dignity and welfare” of the participants

The research psychologist

If participants find themselves performing tasks like those encountered in ordinary daily living, then they are considered to be

If there is minimal or no risk to participants, the IRB will

typically complete an exedited review

Concerning the assignment of risk, where would you place the participants in Milgram's experiment

At a university or college, the Institutional Review Board is a university or college committee that

Evaluates the ethical soundness of research proposals

A study that involves naturalistic observation of public behavior would likely receive the following designation from an IRB

IRB's have been criticized by some researchers in psychology. Which of the following is an often heard and serious criticism

There is no appeal process to protect researchers from overzealous IRB's

Which of the following is true about an IRB

It's membership includes nonscientists 

Which of the following is part of the APA's ethics code for humans

People may or may not decide to participate, but once they start a study, they are obliged to finish it

According to the APA's ethics code for humans, those who volunteer for a study

Can quit any time, without penalty

Researchers believe that some degree of deception in research is sometimes warranted because

Without it, participants might not behave naturally

A study by Gardner compared participants who were fully informed ahead of time about the predicted effects of noise on stress with others who were not informed. What were the results?

Uninformed participants were more adversely affected by the noise than those fully informed

In terms of the current ethics code, Milgram's obedience research is most questionable with respect to which issue

Allowing participants to quit any time in the procedure

Consent forms typically include

An assurance of confidentiality 

Research participants can expect to find several pieces of information in an informed consent form. Which of the following is not likely to be found?

A statement of the study's true purpose and hypothesis

The Society for Research in Child Development publishes a set of ethical guidelines that supplement the APA code. One such guideline applies when studying school age children in a school setting. In this research, which of the following is true?

In addition to parents, the students' teacher should also give their consent

In research with school children, what is meant by the principle of assent

this is when the children agree to participate

In a study using prisoners, special care must be taken to insure that

prisoners don't feel coerced into participating

Which of the following is true of the Willowbrook hepatitis study?

It violated the principle that mentally disabled children should only be studied in research concerning mental disability

How did researchers justify the Willowbrook hepatitis study

a.they believed the ultimate goal of eliminating hepatitis at the institution justified the deliberate exposure to hepatitis

b.they believed that hepatitis was so rampant that the participants would be likely to contract it anyway

c.both of the above justifications were used(Correct answer)

d.the researchers made no attempt to justify the study

What did the Willowbrook and Tuskegee studies have in common

Questionable informed consent procedures

Which of the following is true of the Tuskegee syphilis study

There was a complete absence of informed consent 

What distinguishes the following two historical examples of ethically “challenged” incidents: the Willowbrook case and the MK-ULTRA case?

The Willowbrook researchers hoped to improve health; the MK-ULTRA researchers were not concerned with medical benefit to society

In debriefing after helping behavior studies, experimenters often emphasize that some situations are often so powerful that nobody could be expected to help. This portion of the postexperimental session is emphasizing what Holmes referred to as

Dehoaxing is to desensitizing as _______ is to ________.

Explanation; stress reduction

During debriefing, the experiment must be prepared to reassure the participant if the procedures have created some stress. This part of debriefing is called

If a researcher is concerned about _____, then the researcher may ask participants to not disclose any information to others until the study is complete

Sullivan and Deiker asked psychologists and students to evaluate the ethical appropriateness of several deception studies.  What did they find?

Students were more likely to consider the procedures ethical than were psychologists

According to APA guidelines, when is it considered appropriate to deceive participants about the true purpose of the study

only when the research hypothesis could not be tested any other way

Research using the internet is increasing. Which of the following guideline is least likely to be a problem for participants

The option to quit any time

Which of the following problems is unique to electronic research

There is no way to insure that a participant is age 18 or older

Which of the following is true about the use of animals of psychological research

Animals are used in about 8% of psychological research

Most research psychologists believe that 

Animals can be subjected to procedures not to be used with people 

Why did Gibson and Walk study animals in the visual cliff studies

a. the animals could be raised in visual isolation

b. animals can be fully mobile without a matter of hours

c .studying animals enabled them to control for perceptual experience

d .all of the above (correct answer)

In their visual cliff research, Gibson and Walk studied both children and goats. Why goats?

Unlike children, goats can be raised is perceptual isolation

In the early years of the nineteenth century, antivivisectionalists criticized 

Watson's research on determining which sensing contributed to maze learning

Moderate animal rights activists who grant the necessity of using animals for medical research often criticize the use of animals in psychological research on what grounds?

a.it is needlessly repetitive

b.animal research has no relevance for human behavior

c.both a. and b. (correct answer)

d.none of the above

Animal rights activists argue that instead of using laboratory animals, psychologists should use alternatives. They recommend all of the following except

Using non-primate mammals (e.g., dogs) instead of primates

In his address on "The Value of Behavioral Research with Animals" Miller argued that

Animal research contributes to the psychological well being of humans

In his address on "The Value of Behavioral Research with Animals" 

animal rights activists have overstated the harm done to animals by researchers

What does the APA ethics code for animal research have in common with the code for human research

Both have a need to balance merit and potential harm to subjects

All of the following are included in the APA ethics code for research with animals except

A prohibition against the use of animals for mere educational use

According to the APA code of ethics for animal research

appetitive procedures are preferred over aversive procedures

The “scientific purpose” of an animal research study can fit into one of three categories. Which of the following is not one of those categories?

a. increase our knowledge of the basic processes underlying the evolution of a behavior

b. yield results that benefit humans and/or the species being studied

c. increase the basic understanding of the species being studied

d. improve the safety and efficiency of commercial products that will be used by humans (correct answer)

The late British psychologist Cyril Burt has been suspected of scientific fraud in the reporting of some of the data from his famous twin studies. What does his case illustrate about data falsification?

If fraudulent results are virtually the same as legitimate results (other twin studies), the fraud may go undetected

The traditional view about data falsification is that it will be detected eventually by the scientific community because

a.faked results won’t replicate and will therefore be discarded

b .a faked result will raise suspicions during the peer review process

c.both alternatives a. and b. (correct answer)

d.none of the above

In the case in which a researcher fabricated data about a treatment for hyperactive children, the fraud was detected because

a colleague suspected that the data was not genuine 

Which of the following is true about falsified data

It might go undetected if it is consistent with results from other laboratories

What does the APA ethics code have to say about the status of data collected by a research psychologist?

Researchers are expected to make the data set available to other scientists who ask to examine it

Participants are asked to memorize three different lists of words. The lists are presented at three different presentation speeds. How would you classify this study?

Basic research is concerned with ______ while applied research tries to ________.

establishing essential principles; solve practical problems

Which of the following research studies is most obviously an example of basic research

the effect of delaying reward on maze learning in rats

can be either lab or field research

The studies by Cherry and by Broadbent, using dichotic listening, are examples of

applied research on the factors that enhance the focusing of attention

Broadbent’s study on selective attention is to Strayer’s study on cell phone use while driving as _______ is to _________.

applied research; basic research

Compared to field research, what is the advantage of lab research

informed consent is easier

Compared to field research, which of the following is true about laboratory research

a.it allows for a greater degree of control over variables

b.it may be lower in mundane realism 

c.both informed consent and debriefing are easier to manage

d.all of the above (correct answer)

Compared to laboratory research, which of the following is true about field research?

it may be higher in mundane realism

If a study is high on experimental realism, then

participants will take the procedure seriously

Which of the following is true of the studies done by Bushman and Anderson (which evaluated exposure to violence and helping behavior)?

it combined both laboratory and field research in a series of experiments

In the laboratory research study by Bushman and Anderson, participants played either violent or nonviolent video games, then filled out a questionnaire. Which of the following describes what they found?

Participants who played violent video games

After completing their laboratory experiment on exposure to violent video games, why did Bushman and Anderson complete a field experiment on the exposure to violence and helping behavior?

They wanted to see if the results of their first experiment would generalize to everyday situations

In Bushman and Anderson's field experiment, who was the experimental confederate?

A young women with an apparent ankle injury and crutches at a movie theater

Qualitative research is to quantitative research as _______ is to _______.

analytic narrative; inferential analysis

The study in the text that examined male/ female patterns of control over the TV remote is a good example of a study that combines

qualitative and quantitative research

Sternberg and Grigerenko studied the effects of parasitic infections on cognitive functioning in several field sites around the world. They argued that field research offers several advantages over laboratory research. All of the following are advantages they cited except

Field research automatically allows the experimenters greater experimental realism

a.be answerable with data 

b.include terms that can be operationally defined 

c.both alternatives a. and b. (correct answer)

d.none of the above

A researcher is measuring aggression. Which of the following is most clearly inadequate as an operation definition of the term?

Attempting to harm someone

What is the advantage of using operational definitions

They facilitate replication

force researchers to be clear about defining the terms of their studies

Which of the following is the best example of converging operations

Several studies use different definitions of aggression yet produce the same basic results

Two researchers with two completely different operational definitions for aggression nonetheless produce the same result (frustration leads to aggression). This outcome is referred to as

What do the following discoveries have in common: Skinner’s extinction curve and Hubel and Wiesel’s feature detectors?

Both examples of serendipitous finding

Which of the following would be an example of a research project began as a result of a serendipitous event?

A has an equipment failure and notices some unusual behavior that leads to a series of studies

Which of the following is an example of research began as the result of reflecting on a real news event

Darley's helping behavior research

The idea for Zeigarnik’s study on the forgetting of completed tasks came from

The observation of an everyday event at a restaurant

Which of the following examples illustrates research that resulted from reflecting on an everyday observation

Zeigarnik’s decision to study the effects of incomplete tasks on memory

Provide the basis for making predictions that can be tested empirically

All of the following are true of theories except

they are tentative until the facts prove them true 

A prediction is made from a theory and the results are just as predicted. What can be concluded about the theory?

It has been inductively supported

If a number of studies all seem consistent with a theory, then the theory is said to have been supported through

According to the original cognitive dissonance theory, dissonance occurs when people

Simultaneously experience contradictory thoughts

Anxiety is not observed directly but is inferred from certain behaviors. That is, anxiety is an example of

In the original cognitive dissonance theory, it was said that dissonance develops as a result of experiencing contradictory thoughts. This “dissonance” is an example of

Reasonable predictions about what should occur under specific circumstances

Hypotheses are derived from theories through the process of

What is true of social psychology?

Which of the following psychological perspectives is matched correctly to its view of human nature?

What is a basic assumption that social psychologists make?

Which of the following is true of evolutionary psychology?