12th Amendment Show The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; -- The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; -- The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.-- The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. Many legislators deplored this confusion. So in 1804 the 12th Amendment was passed to require separate balloting for president and vice president. In spite of the 12th Amendment, deadlocks can occur. Such was the case in the election of 1824, and the House of Representatives once again was forced to choose. The Election of 1824 Without the 12th Amendment, the election of 1824 might have been a nightmare. There were so many candidates—10—that the election was certain to be deadlocked. And they all belonged to the same party, the Democratic-Republicans. In earlier elections, presidential candidates had been chosen by a small circle of insiders in Congress called a "King Caucus." In reaction to this, state party caucuses started making their own nominations. Many separate caucuses in state legislatures and at state party conventions selected presidential candidates. Only a few were serious contenders. The insiders in the King Caucus nominated Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford. He was a slaveholder from Georgia and was the favorite of President James Monroe. Crawford, however, had suffered a stroke. The North's candidate was Secretary of State John Quincy Adams from Massachusetts. The son of former President John Adams, he was strongly backed by commercial interests in New England. He played down his backers because much of the West and South resented New England. Henry Clay was from the West and supported Western needs like roads and canals. A Kentucky slaveholder, he was speaker of the House of Representatives. Clay saw that the election would likely go to the House, where as speaker he would have the inside track. The outsider among the top candidates was Andrew Jackson from Tennessee. He was famous as the general who had beaten the British at New Orleans in 1815. He was a senator from Tennessee, but his political views were largely unformed and unknown. The campaign quickly heated up, becoming America's first great mudslinging contest. Jackson was called a gambler, duelist, adulterer and military tyrant. Clay was called a drunkard and gambler. Adams was ridiculed for his slovenly dress. Crawford was attacked for dishonesty and mismanaging the budget. When the votes of the 24 states were finally tallied, to no one's surprise, there was no majority winner. In popular vote, Jackson came in first with 42 percent, Adams took 32 percent, and Clay and Crawford had 13 percent each. In the crucial electoral vote, Jackson led with 99 electors from 11 states, 32 votes short of a needed majority. Adams had 84 electors from seven states. Crawford had 41, and Clay was last with 37. Following the procedures of the 12th Amendment, the House of Representatives now had to choose the president from the top three: Jackson, Adams, and Crawford. At the time, Inauguration Day was in March, and the first months of 1825 became a frenzy of lobbying and back-room bargaining. Rumors spread that representatives were trading their votes for ambassador posts and cabinet jobs. Henry Clay's fourth place finish shut him out of the presidency. He tried to use his post as speaker of the House to play kingmaker. He called in favors and worked behind the scenes to influence the vote. Jackson was a fellow Westerner, but Clay suspected that he would be a rival in future presidential races. Clay disliked Adams, but the two met privately a month before the House election. Both men denied making any bargains. But rumors said that Adams had promised to make Clay secretary of state. As the vote neared, Clay worked hard for Adams. He won over some Western representatives whose states had voted solidly for Jackson. He even promised the votes of his own Kentucky, which had not cast a single popular vote for the Yankee Adams. The House met to vote on February 9, 1825. After more than a month of arm twisting and bargaining, John Quincy Adams took exactly the 13 states he needed to win, Jackson won seven, and Crawford four. The public galleries in the house broke into such an uproar of booing and hissing that Speaker Clay ordered them cleared. Three days later, the new president nominated Henry Clay as his secretary of state. Charges of making a "corrupt bargain" would dog Henry Clay for the rest of his life. The Jackson supporters were furious. After all, he had won by far the largest share of popular votes with 42 percent. Jackson immediately declared that he would run in 1828. And he became the first major American politician to call for eliminating the Electoral College and electing the president directly by popular vote. For Discussion and Writing
For Further Information Grolier Online: The American Presidency, Presidential Elections This in-depth description of American presidential elections discusses and places in historical context the issues of the qualifications for candidacy, the development of presidential campaigning, past election outcomes, debates, campaign financing, and presidential succession. Election of 1800 Great collection of links on this election. Election of 1824 Summary of the election. From U-S-History.com. Election of 1824 By Brian Whitmer. Elections Affected by the Electoral College Summaries of the elections of 1800, 1824, 1876, and1888. 1824: Jackson Invents the Popular Will A defense of the electoral college and its role in the 1824 election. From the U.S. Electoral College Web Zine. Prospects for the Electoral College After Election 2000 Overview of the electoral-college debate and disputed elections in U.S. history with links to sites on the electoral collection. From Social Education. Map of the Presidential Election of 1824 The Congressional Caucus System and the Election of 1824 A senior paper at Yale. John Quincy Adams A biography from the Internet Public Library. Andrew Jackson: Campaigns and Elections From the American President. Andrew Jackson Biography including the story of the 1824 election. From the State Library of North Carolina. Andrew Jackson Slide presentation. By Mr. Willett. Jacksonian Democracy Another slide show. Election of 1824: Electoral College Details Information on each candidate and state in the electoral college. From the Political Graveyard. Election of John Quincy Adams Photos and captions of a political cartoon and the Electoral College Tally Sheet. From the House of Representatives. Tally of the Electoral Votes Photo of the tally sheet from the Electoral College of 1824. From the National Archives. Major Election Laws The laws that covered the 1824 election. A C T I V I T Y Choosing a President in the House This simulation is based on a hypothetical presidential election in which none of three candidates wins a majority of electoral votes. The U.S. House of Representatives would choose the president. National Election Results
Simulation Instructions 1. When the House chooses a president, each state has only one vote. (Amazingly enough, California, with 11 percent of the U.S. population, would have one vote, and Wyoming with 2/10 of one percent would also have one vote.) The House would cast a total of 50 votes for president. For the purposes of this simulation, three states will cast the deciding votes in the House election.
2. Form three groups to make up the three state delegations shown above. These groups do not necessarily have to be equal in number. 3. Form three additional groups of 2-3 students each who will play the role of partisan House members arguing for the election of X, Y, or Z. 4. One student should be selected to play the role of the speaker of the House. He or she is a Democrat from State A and should participate in all that state's deliberations. 5. All participants should read the 12th Amendment to understand when and how the House elects the president. 6. The partisans for each candidate should prepare oral arguments explaining why the House should elect their candidate. 7. Members of the three state delegations should discuss the significance of the national election results and also the results in their particular states. However, members should keep in mind that, according to the Constitution, each state may cast its vote for any one of the three candidates, without regard to the election results, party loyalty, or partisan arguments. 8. The speaker will call the House to order and allot the partisans of X, Y, and Z up to five minutes each to make their arguments. After each group of partisans has finished, members of the state delegations may be recognized by the speaker to ask questions or make statements. 9. The three state delegations should then meet separately to discuss how to cast their state vote. This should be decided by a majority of the members in each state delegation. 10. Two states must vote for one of the candidates to elect a president. Deliberations should continue until this has been achieved. How was the vice president chosen in the first election?The original system for electing presidents provided that the candidate receiving a majority of Electoral College votes would become president, while the runner-up would become vice president.
How were the president and vice president elected?But the president and vice president are not elected directly by citizens. Instead, they are chosen by “electors” through a process called the Electoral College. The process of using electors comes from the Constitution. It was a compromise between a popular vote by citizens and a vote in Congress.
How were the president and vice president elected in 1789?George Washington was unanimously elected for the first of his two terms as president and John Adams became the first vice president. This was the only U.S. presidential election that spanned two calendar years without a contingent election.
Is the vice president elected or appointed?The Vice President is elected along with the President by the Electoral College. Each elector casts one vote for President and another for Vice President.
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During the first three presidential elections the chose the president and the vice president.
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