What does research suggest about the connection between sleep in infancy and cognitive development quizlet?

1. many studies suggest that infants display a wide array of understanding earlier than Piaget believed

2. to discover what infants know about hidden objects and other aspects of physical reality, researchers often use the VIOLATION-OF-EXPECTATION METHOD. they habituate babies to a physical event, or they may show babies an expected event and an unexpected event
a. heightened attention to an unexpected even suggests that the infant is surprised by a deviation from physical reality and therefore is aware of that aspect of the physical world
b. some critics believe that this method indicated only limited, non conscious awareness of physical events; others maintain that it reveals only babies perceptual preference for novelty

3. object permanence
a. in a series of studies using violation of expectation method, Renee Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for object permanence in the first few months of life
b. around 14 months, toddlers know that objects continue to exist in their hidden locations even after babies have left the location

4. searching for objects hidden in more than one location
a. research suggests that once 8-12 month olds search for hidden objects, they make the A-not-B search error as the result of a complex, dynamic system of factors
b. success at object search tasks coincides with rapid development of the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex along with the experiences perceiving, acting on, and remembering objects

5. mental representation
a. in Piaget's theory, infants are unable to mentally represent experience until about 18 months, but research reveals that babies do construct mental representations of objects and their whereabouts
b. deferred and inferred imitation
- research reveals that 6-week old infants demonstrate deferred imitation of facial expressions
- between 12-18 months, toddlers used deferred imitation skillfully, copying the actions of peers and adults and imitate actions across change of contexts
- toddlers imitate rationally by inferring others actions
c. problem solving
- around 8 months, infants develop intentional means-end action sequences
- by 10-12 months babies can solve problems by analogy
- around the end of the first year, infants for flexible mental representations of how to use tools to get objects
d. symbolic understanding
- DISPLACED REFERENCE the realization that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present emerges around 1st birthday
- the capacity to use language to modify an existing mental representation improves from the end of the second into the third year
- a beginning awareness of the symbolic function of pictures emerges in the 1st year strengthening in the second
- in non-Western cultures where pictures are rare, symbolic understanding of pictures is delayed
- research indicates that babies cannot take full advantage of TV and videos and amount of TV viewing is negatively related to 8-18 month olds language progress

a. although some infant capacities develop within Piaget's times. others emerge earlier than expected
b. sensorimotor action helps infants construct some forms of knowledge, but infants comprehend a great deal before they are capable of the motor behaviors that Piaget assumed led to those understandings
c. alternative explanations
- most researchers now believe that infants have some built in cognitive equipment but some researchers argue that babies' cognitive starting point is limited
- others who take a CORE KNOWLEDGE PERSPECTIVE believe that babies are born with a set of innate knowledge systems or core domains of thought
(1) studies of infants physical knowledge suggest that in the first few months infants have some awareness of basic object properties
(2) core knowledge theorists assume that infants have an inherited foundation of linguistic knowledge as well as basic psychological and numerical knowledge but they acknowledge that experience is essential for children to extend this knowledge
d. Piaget's legacy
- follow up research on Piaget's sensorimotor stage yields broad agreement that many different cognitive changes of infancy are gradual and continuous and that various aspects of infant cognition change unevenly
- these ideas serve as the basis for information processing approach to cognitive development
- Piaget's observations have been a great principle value for teachers and caregivers

eye blink: Closes both eyes
rooting: side of mouth touched, Turns head, opens mouth, begins sucking
sucking: Object touching mouth, sucks automatically
swimming: Infant put face down in water, coordinative swimming movements
moro: Sudden stimulation like loud noise, flings out arms and arches back
grasping: palms touched, graps tightly
tonic neck: infant placed on back, fists formed with both hands
stepping: feet lowered to touch surface, Moves feet as if to walk
Babinski: Sole of foot stroked, Fans out toes, twists foot in

What has research taught us about infant memory quizlet?

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