What is required when more than one person uses a central computer at the same time

Abhishek Mishra

1 month ago

Centralized computing is computing done at a central location, using terminals that are attached to a central computer. The terminals may be text terminals or thin clients, for example. It offers greater security over decentralized systems because all of the processing is controlled in a central location.

Exercise :: Computer Fundamentals - Section 17

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Computer Fundamentals

A. Light pen

B. Mouse

C. Digitizer

D. Terminal

E. None of the above

Answer: Option (D)

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Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

1. Information and Communication Technology is a very wide topic. General abbreviations and terminology include basic computer terms, print media, satellites and terms such as internet, intranet etc. For general abbreviations, the basic terms have been explained as parts of a system such as computers.

Objectives of using ICT in higher Education: 
1. Improve access to the system through online Education.
2. Improve the quality of teaching, especially across remote locations.
3. Increase transparency and strengthening systems, processes and compliance norms in higher education institutes. 
4. Measure the students’ learning participation and effectiveness.
5. Analyse students’ behaviour to maximise students’ involvement, optimising retentions and improving placements.
6. Analyse students’ performance, placement, application volume, website analytics and social media metrics for a brand audit.

Strengths of ICT: 
1. Individualisation of learning
2. Interactivity
3. Distance and climate insensitive
4. More economical, higher speed of delivery and wider reach
5. Multiple teaching functions and diverse audiences
6. Uniform quality

Limitations of ICT: 
1. High infrastructure and start-up costs
2. Little attention towards individual differences in order to achieve economies of scale
3. Accessibility issue
4. ICT is basically a delivery system
5. Difficulty in performance evaluation
6. Continuous training requirement
7. Call for attitudinal change to the understanding of teaching and learning.

Major ICT learning categories: 
In view of ICT, education can be classified into three main categories as follows.
1. E-learning
2. Blended learning
3. Distance learning 

Digital initiatives in higher education:  
1. National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology
2. (NMEICT)
3. National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)
4. SWAYAM
5. SWAYAM Prabha - The 32 educational DTH channels
6. National Digital Library (NDL)
7. National Academic Depository (NAD)
8. e-Shodh sindhu
9. Virtual labs
10. e-Yantra
Campus connectivity
11. Talk to a teacher
 12. e-Acharya
13. e-Kalpa
14. The Free and Open Source Software for Education (FOSSEE)
16. e-Vidwan
17. Central cloud infrastructure
18. National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL)
19. National Knowledge Network (NKN) and Connected Digital
20. Centre for Distance Engineering Education Program (CDEEP
21. EDUSAT
22. Education and Research Network (ERNET)
23. Consortium for educational communication

Key challenges in IT/ICT Adoption in Indian universities: 
1. Lack of the desired level of knowledge and technology readiness. 
2. Poor implementation.
3. Linguistic barriers

Main News Agencies in India: 
1. Press Trust of India (PTI)
2. United News of India (UNI)
3. Press Council of India (PCI)
4. NAM News Network (NNN)

Types of Computers (According to generation): 
1. First generation (1940–1956): Examples: Mark 1, ENIAC
2. Second generation (1956–1963): Example: Early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN,
IBM 1401, IBM-1402, PDP-1, etc.
3. Third generation features (1964–1971): The main examples are PDP-8, ICL 2900, IBM-360 and IBM-370.
4. Fourth generation (1971–present): Examples IBM PC, Apple Macintosh.
5. Fifth generation (present and beyond): These computers are used in parallel processing, speech recognition, intelligent robots and artificial intelligence.

Types of Computers (According to function): 
There are three different types of computers according to the principles of operation and they are as follows.
1. Analogue computers
2. Digital computers
3. Hybrid computers

Types of Computers (According to size and configuration): There are four different types of computers which is classified based on their size and configuration.
1. Supercomputers
2. Mainframe computers
3. Minicomputers
4. Microcomputers

Main CPU components: 
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
2. Control Unit (CU)
3. Memory Unit (main storage)

Types of Memory: 
1.Random Access Memory (RAM) 
2.Read-only Memory (ROM)
3.Programmable Read-only Memory (PROM)
4. Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory (EPROM)
5. Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-only Memory (EEPROM)

Programming languages: 
1.Machine language
2.Assembly language
3.High-level language (HLL)
Language processors: 
1. Assembler
2.Interpreter
3. Compiler

Computer networks: 
1.Network
2. Local Area Networks (LANs)
3. Wide Area Networks (WANs)
4. Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
5. Personal Area Network (PAN)
6. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
7. Campus Area Network (CAN)
8. Storage Area Network (SAN)
9. Extranet
 10. Intranet
11. Virtual Private Network (VPN)

Hardware requirements for the internet: 
1. Modem (Modulator and Demodulator)
2. Hub
3. Bridge
4. Router
5. Gateway

Software requirements for the internet: 
1. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
2. Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
3. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
4. Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
5. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 
6. Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
7. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
8. Telnet
9. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
10. Standardized General Markup Language (SGML)
11. Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

ICT and governance: 
1. In 1954, W. Howard Gammon wrote e-government research paper for writing about the use of ICT for providing good governance. The Internet, SMS and different mobile apps help people to access information quickly.