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Terms in this set (55)Group collection of individuals who have relations to one another that make them interdependent to some significant degree Norman triplett first to experimentally examine the effect of other people's presence on one's performance. Found that children turned a fishing reel faster in the presence of an audience Social facilitation initially a term for enhanced performance in the presence of others; now a broader term for the effect, positive or negative, of the presence of others on performance Triplett observes Tour de France: cyclists are
faster when in groups Zajonc's theory the presence of others facilitates performance on simple/well learned tasks while the presence of others hinders performance on difficult or novel tasks.
Dominant response a person's hierarchy of possible responses in any context, the response he or she is most likely to make Zajonc and Sales demonstration of mere presence of others effect -participants pronounce words between 1 and 16x (words pronounced a lot become dominant response) then participants see a flash of a word and must guess what the word was either alone or while watched stereotypes as dominant responses Lambert et al found evidence of stereotyping when participants performed task in public vs. in private
Cockroach study cockroaches dominant response to light is to run away. When running in a pair in a simple maze they ran quicker while in a more complicated maze they took longer to find the dark chamber (the goal). A second study suggests that even the mere presence of another person, as opposed to competition possibly increasing the performance of the participant. Evaluation apprehension people's concern about how they might appear to others, or be evaluated by them Pseudo recognition test- partcipants are tricked into guessing(they don't realize) each time Cottrell evaluation apprehension study 3 conditions: participant tries to recognize words flashed on a screen alone, in front of others, in front of blindfolded others (who thus cant evaluate the participant). Results: presence of evaluative audience responded more dominantly while presence of blindfolded audience responses were similar to those of the participant when alone Markus true alone condition study established a more true alone condition because the participant hadn't realized the experiment had begun. Results: participants did well learned tasks more quickly in merely present audience than alone and even more quickly with an attentive audience than a merely present audience. It had the reverse effect for novel tasks. Shows that when compared to a true alone condition social facilitation works even with a mere presence of another Distraction conflict theory based on the idea that being aware of another person's presence created a conflict between paying attention to that person and paying attention to the task at hand and that this attentional conflict is arousing and produces social facilitation Social loafing the tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task in which individual contributions cannot be monitered Groupthink(Janis) faulty thinking by members of highly cohesive groups in which the critical scrutiny that should be devoted to the issues at hand is subverted by social pressures to reach consensus historical examples of groupthink -JFK
decision to invade bay of pigs antecedents of groupthink (need to have these for phenomenon to occur) -group is cohesive symptoms of groupthink -illusion of invulnerability outcomes/consequences of groupthink -incomplete survey of alternatives caveat of groupthink theory hindsight bias- Once we know the outcome—are we just spinning events to fit the theory? Incestuous amplification a condition in warfare where one only listens to those who agree with them, reinforces set beliefs and encourages groupthink Self censorship- withholding info and opinions in group discussion Antecedent of groupthink high cohesiveness, insulation of the group, lack of procedures for information search and appraisal, directive leadership, high stress with a low degree hope for finding a better solution than the one favored by the leader or other influential ppl Motivation for groupthink concurrence seeking Risky shift the tendency for groups to make riskier decisions than individuals would Choice dilemma (stoner) he tested whether group decision or individual
decisions were more risky. Result: groups tended to recommend riskier courses of action. When asked to make individual decisions again after a group decision, their choices were riskier and aligned with the group decisions more Group polarization the tendency for group decisions to be more extreme then those made by individuals; whatever way the group as a whole is leaning, group discussion tends to make it lean further that direction. Influencing factors: persuasive arguments, social comparison (trying to outdo one another with a riskier or more conservative view), valuing risk (due to American culture, we tend to see risk takers as admirable) Power the ability to control one's own outcomes and those of others; the freedom to act Status the outcome of an evaluation of attributes that produces differences in respect and prominence and which contributes to determining a person's power within a group Authority power that derives from institutionalized roles of arrangements Dominance behavior enacted with the goal of acquiring or demonstrating power Approach/inhibition theory a theory maintaining that high power individuals are inclined to go after their goals and make quick and sometimes rash judgments, whereas low power ppl are more likely to constrain their behavior and pay careful attention to others. Second core element is that the powerless are more unflexible their thinking (tasks that require good cognitive control and flexibility can be harder for them) and the powerful are less constrained in their behavior (the higher someones rank in a company the more likely they are to have had an affair while married E study Magee induced whether ppl felt powerful or powerless by asking them to recall a time they felt powerful or powerless and then asked them to draw an A on their forehead so that someone across from them could read it. People feeling powerful wre less likely to reverse the E on their forehead so that people across from them could read it i.e. power reduces the ability to empathize with others and acknowledge their point of view Deindividuation a reduced sense of individual identity accompanied by diminished self-regulation that can come over people when they are in a large group what can cause deindividuation? -large groups Model of deindividuation conditions: anonymity, diffusion of responsibility, energizing effect of others, stimulus overload. Deindividuation: lessened self observation and self evaluation, lessened concern with the evaluations of others, weakening of internal controls. Behavioral effects: impulsivity, irrationality, emotionality, antisocial activity Watson study of deindividuation -studies tribe members' barbarism when they feel anonymous in battle Suicide baiting more likely to occur when there are 300+
observers and it occurs after 6pm. The crowd and night time contribute to observer's feeling of anonymity and causes them to bait the suicide other evidence of deindividuation -Children more likely to commit pranks of mildly illegal behavior on Halloween if they were wearing costumes with a mask than if they were wearing a costume without a mask reversing deindividuation you are less likely to do bad things when you think you're being watched Individuation an enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on th self which generally leads people to act carefully deliberately and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values Self awareness theory a theory maintaining that when people focus their attention inward on themselves they become concerned with self evaluation and how their current behavior conforms to their internal standards and values Spotlight effect people's conviction that other ppl are paying attention to them more than they actually are mob behavior individualistic
(yes it is a group but it's made up of individuals) or group approach (look at attitudes and behaviors as part of a collective) older theoretical perspective on mobs there's something about being in groups that leads to anti-social behavior newer perspective on mobs
the most direct predictor of anti-social behavior is de-individuation followed by decreased self-regulation what determines if a group is meaningful -size what is a group? Cooley's classic model primary groups (small, long-term,
facec-to-face) and secondary groups (larger, less intimate, more goal-focused) what is a group? Entativity model by Campbell -an index of "groupiness" what is a group? Arrow's model -planned groups- core feature: deliberately formed by
the members themselves (founded) or by an outside entity (concocted) are groups more or less risky than individuals in decision making? more!!! (contrary to popular belief) Galton can crowds be wise classic and famous example where people at a fair try and guess the weight of the ox, whoever guesses closest wins the ox who wants to be a millionaire example Contestants asked questions that become more difficult, if they get stuck they could call a friend or ask the audience—if they ask the audience they get it right a lot more than if they ask an expert (91%) four key conditions that characterize wise crowds 1. Diversity of opinion Sets with similar termsSocial Psychology Chapter 1261 terms kylaholmesPLUS Ch 12: Groups39 terms g_goldman Social Psychology Chapter 12: Groups37 terms lizmaser Social Psychology - Chapter 1420 terms aviva_stavsky Other sets by this creatorMicrobio Midterm127 terms skater96girl physics MCAT equations2 terms skater96girl EK Bio I10 terms skater96girl biological psych ch 1429 terms skater96girl Verified questionsQUESTION Elaine's friends know that she should never be trusted with a secret, as she will tell everyone almost immediately. Elaine, however, complains that her friends can't be trusted. Elaine is making use of the defense mechanism of a. rationalization. b. regression. c. displacement. d. sublimation. e. projection. Verified answer QUESTION Elena won the lottery last night. Afterword, she told her friends that she knew she was going to win. Her friends think that she is so lucky because she won the lottery last year as well. Explain how hindsight bias and the tendency to perceive patterns in random events apply to Elena's winnings. Verified answer QUESTION Your friend is playing the low notes on her tuba quite loudly. Which of the following best explains the physical properties of the sound waves? a. No wavelength; large amplitude. b. Short wavelength; large amplitude. c. Short wavelength; small amplitude. d. Long wavelength; large amplitude. e. No wavelength; small amplitude. Verified answer
PSYCHOLOGY Despite its risks, ECTis still used to treat severe depression. Do you think this is ethical? Under what circumstances would such treatment be administered? Verified answer Recommended textbook solutionsHDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions Myers' Psychology for the AP Course3rd EditionC. Nathan DeWall, David G Myers 955 solutions Understanding Psychology15th EditionRobert S Feldman 563 solutions Varcarolis' Foundations of Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing8th EditionMargaret Halter 569 solutions Other Quizlet setsFinal47 terms ashley_coffman32 Social Psych: Groups17 terms ajaramillo24 Social psych final60 terms sh272714 Psychology Final64 terms rashi1993 Related questionsQUESTION True or False: Stereotyping is a symptoms of groupthink that those who are opposed to the group are weak, evil, biased, spiteful, disfigured, impotent and stupid. 5 answers QUESTION The crucial factor that determines the outcomes of person-centered groups is: 15 answers QUESTION Ben manages an automobile assembly plant. Since he started requiring workers to inscribe their names on the cars they assemble, quality control has found fewer defective cars. Ben reduced social loafing by making? 4 answers QUESTION Give at least 1 advantage and 1 disadvantage of group cohesion (include a definition of group cohesion in your answer). 4 answers When the presence of others leads to enhanced performance it is an example?Social facilitation is an improvement in the performance of a task in the presence of others (audience, competitor, co-actor) compared to their performance when alone.
How does the presence of others affect performance quizlet?How does the presence of others affect our performance? we tend to do better and be more competitive in the presence of others, but not always. Increased arousal enhances the dominant response. You just studied 84 terms!
Which best describes the effects of the presence of others on performance?The tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others is known as social facilitation . Although people sometimes perform better when they are in groups than they do alone, the situation is not that simple.
Which of the following occurs when the presence of other people changes individual performance?Social facilitation, also known as the audience effect, refers to the idea that an individual's performance of a task improves in the presence of others (or while being watched).
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When the presence of others leads to enhanced performance it is an example of quizlet?
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