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Terms in this set (60)Cognitive dissonance theory the idea that people have such distaste for perceiving inconsistencies in their beliefs, attitudes, and behavior that they will bias their own attitudes and beliefs to try to deny inconsistencies. cognitive dissonance when two cognitions are inconsistent or contradict one another, people experience an an uncomfortable psychological tension. What are three ways to reduce dissonance? change one of the cognitions free choice paradigm a laboratory situation in which people make a choice between two alternatives, and after they do, attraction to the alternatives is assessed (you see the bad aspects of the choice you made while seeing the good aspects of the choice you might not have, as an example) according to the free choice paradigm, how do people deal with dissonance? They spread the alternatives. They try to place more emphasis on the positive aspects of the chosen alternative while emphasizing negative aspects of the rejected alternative induced compliance paradigm participants are induced to say or do something we don't truly believe in (We may lie and say the pie is good, because we want to be kind, and violate our code of honesty because the pie is actually terrible). What are the five primary factors that research shows affects the magnitudes of dissonance? No external justification for their behavior induced hypocrisy paradigm a laboratory situation in which participants are asked to advocate an opinion they already believe in, but then are reminded about a time when their actions ran counter to that opinion, thereby arousing dissonance.
what has research on the hypocrisy paradigm show? participants reminded of how their actions have been contradictory to their strongly stated opinion, they will behave in a way to align with their opinions. minimal deterrence use of the minimal level of external justification necessary to deter unwanted behavior. what has research on minimal deterrence found? Parents only give children minimal justification for not engaging in a behavior, and the child will come to believe that they don't want to engage in the behavior, and will engage in it less (saying you'd be disappointed versus saying you will be furious with them). effort justicifaction the phenomenon whereby people reduce dissonance by convincing themselves that what they suffered for is actually quite valuable. self-concept clarity a clearly defined, internally consistent, and temporally stable self-concept. what is a benefit of self-concept clarity? Tend to be happier, be less sensitive to negative feedback from others
self-verification seeking out other people and social situation that support the way one views oneself in order to sustain a consistent and clear self-concept what has research on self-verification with individuals who have a negative self-view shown? They will actually seek out and interact with others who have negative views of them as well. self-complexity the extent to which an individual's self-concept consists of many different aspects what is a benefit of self-complexity? People with high self-complexity can protect themselves from self-esteem threat by compensating in another aspect. self-narrative a coherent life story that connects one's past, present, and possible future redemption story the individual sees him or herself as having risen above the challenge of unfortunate circumstances to arrive at a better place contamination story the individual sees him or herself as having "fallen" from fortunate circumstances into a more negative state of unhappiness. why do people use a self-narrative? research suggests it's to provide psychological security; the coherence of the events make it easier for people to work through their current problems possible selves images of what the self might become in the future. self-esteem the level of positive feeling one has about oneself Is self-esteem a trait or a kind of state? Both. Self-esteem seems to have genetic influences but also has temporary fluctuations depending on everyday situations. how do self-serving attributions protect self-esteem? enables a person to take credit for their success while blame the situation for their failure self-handicapping the act of placing obstacles in the way of one's own success to protect self-esteem from a possible future failure when are people likely to self-handicap? when they are particularly focused on the implications of their performance for self-esteem rather than on getting rewards associated with success. the better than average effect the phenomenon where people overestimate the frequency of their own good deeds relative to those of others. They think their shortcomings are commonly held by many while their strengths are rare or unique. projection assigning to others those traits that people fear they possess themselves theory of symbolic self-completion the idea that when people perceive that a self-defining aspect is threatened,they feel incomplete, and then try to compensate by acquiring and displaying symbols that support their desired self-definition. What does research suggest is a negative consequence of symbolic self-completion? It can be self-defeating in the sense that it takes away motivation for a goal; filled with the false sense of achievement for something you have only compensated for symbolically. compensation after a blow to self-esteem in one domain, people often shore up their overall sense of self-worth by bolstering how they think of themselves in an unrelated domain. self-affirmation theory the idea that people respond less defensively to threats to one aspect of themselves if they think about another valued aspect of themselves. according to self-affirmation theory, do people prefer to deal with a self-esteem threat directly or indirectly? People prefer to stop the threat directly, by trying to enhance themselves on the aspect being threatened. basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) associating oneself with successful others to help bolster one's own self-esteem self-evaluation maintenance model the idea that people adjust their perceived similarity to successful others to minimize threatening comparisons and maximize self-esteem-supporting identifications. They distance themselves when comparisons happen in a domain they care about, but will BIRG if its an unrelated field. anxiety-buffer the idea that self-esteem allows people to face threats with their anxiety minimized status-maximizing theory people seek self-esteem in order to maintain dominance in a hierarchical social structure; seek to stand out and be better than others. sociometer model the idea that a basic function of self-esteem is to indicate to the individual how much he or she is accepted by other people. self-compassion being kind to ourselves when we suffer, fail, or feel inadequate, recognizing that imperfection is part of the human condition, and accepting rather than denying negative feelings about ourselves. what are the three elements of self-compassion? self-kindness dramaturgical perspective
using the theater as a metaphor, the idea that people, like actors, perform according to a script. If we all know the script and play our parts well, then like a successful play, our social interactions flow smoothly and seem meaningful, and each actor benefits. sincere performances roles in which we are well practiced and can "act" in easily, automatically following the rules and social contexts that have been set, such as the role of a student. cynical performances conscious attempts to perform in a certain way to make a particular impression. self-monitoring an individual difference in people's desire and ability to adjust their self-presentations for different audiences. cynical performers are high in this, while sincere performers tend to be lower. What are more differences between high and low self-monitoring people People with high self-monitoring are constantly aware of the fact that they are putting on performances, and adjust their performances based on who they are with. They tend to have more friendships, but of a lower quality. People with low self-monitoring have more consistent, internally generated behavior across a variety of situations. spotlight effect the belief that others are more focused on us than they actually are illusion of transparency the tendency to overestimate another's ability to know our internal thoughts and feelings Why is self-presentations so important? It protects our self-image. self-determination theory the idea that people function best when they feel that their action stem from their own desires rather than from external forces When do people feel self-determined? When they have relatedeness: meaningfully connected with others. locus of control the extent to which a person believes that either internal or external factors determine life outcomes overjustification effect the tendency for salient rewards or threats to lead people to attribute the reason, or justification, for engaging in an activity to an external factor, which thereby undermines their intrinsic motivation for and enjoyment of the activity. Example: children experience a decreased desire to color after being externally rewarded by a ribbon, whereas they colored simply for the pleasure of it originally. flow the feeling of being completely absorbed in an activity that is appropriately challenging to one's skills what must occur to achieve flow? Individuals feel a perfect match between the challenge being set by an activity and their skills or ability to meet the challenge. mindfulness the state of being and acting fully in the current moment What has research revealed about the connection between creativity and culture exposure to different cultures, and the ability to integrate/compare/contrast that culture with one's own appears to increase creativity.
How do people perceive a challenge from a threat? Research suggests that a person will assess whether an action or demand exceeds their resources for achieving it (threat) or whether it falls within the level of one's resources (challenge) what are the primary implications of the body of research on self-esteem stable self-esteem cannot be easily granted to people; it is a process and a measurement of the self against cultural values. People with unstable self-esteem struggle with anxiety, depression, substance dependency. People pursue self-esteem in ways that fit their cultural worldview. Striving for self-esteem can have constructive or destructive consequences for the self. Recommended textbook solutions Psychology: Themes and Variations10th EditionWayne Weiten 180 solutions A Concise Introduction to Logic13th EditionLori Watson, Patrick J. Hurley 1,967 solutions Cognitive Psychology3rd EditionE Bruce Goldstein, Robert Hershberger 150 solutions Psychology: Principles in Practice1st EditionSpencer A. Rathus 1,024 solutions Sets with similar termsChapter 6 Flashcards31 terms katmackfairfield Social Psychology (Chapter 6)68 terms shannon_juliette Chapter 346 terms paul_stone63 Self Motives: Consistency, Esteem, Presentation61 terms kyra_frankowski8 Sets found in the same folderChapter 8: Persuasion, Attitudes, and Behavior37 terms justbeingbecca PSYC 140 FINAL121 terms austinxlopez Exam 3 Study Guide50 terms spazzjazz Chapter 7: Social Influence28 terms justbeingbecca Verified questionsQUESTION Which of the following can be characterized as a compulsion? a. Worry about exposure to germs or toxins. b. Fear that something terrible is about to happen. c. Concern with making sure things are in symmetrical order. d. Anxiety when objects are not lined up in an exact pattern. e. Checking repeatedly to see if doors are locked. Verified answer
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QUESTION Why does socially undesirable behavior lead to internal attributions and impact impressions more than social desirable behavior? 5 answers QUESTION Rewarding people for doing what they already enjoy may lead them to attribute their action to the reward. This is known as: 9 answers QUESTION Based on research conducted with humans, it is reasonable to conclude that violence 4 answers Which concept refers to the extent to which a person believes that either internal or external factors determine life outcomes?Locus of control is the degree to which people believe that they, as opposed to external forces (beyond their influence), have control over the outcome of events in their lives. The concept was developed by Julian B.
When peoples actions and beliefs challenge their self worth they experience a feeling known as?The term cognitive dissonance is used to describe the mental discomfort that results from holding two conflicting beliefs, values, or attitudes.
What is the term for when people act to reduce the discomfort they feel when their thoughts are inconsistent with their actions?Since then, cognitive dissonance has become one of the most influential and researched theories in social psychology. People will try to reduce this dissonance to relieve the discomfort. The drive to resolve dissonance is called the “principle of cognitive consistency.”
Which term refers to seeking out others who support the way one views oneself in order to sustain a consistent and clear selfself-verification. seeking out other people and social situation that support the way one views oneself in order to sustain a consistent and clear self-concept.
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Which of the following is the idea that people function best when they feel that their actions stem from their own desires rather than from external forces?
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