Which of the following is true regarding obtaining informed consent in Dr Kushners study?

  • Subjects Who Achieve 10 or More Percent Body Weight Reduction (Yes/no) [ Time Frame: Week 68 ]

    Number of participants who achieved weight loss more than or equal to (≥) 10% at week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from date of randomization (week 0) to date of last contact with trial site (week 75).


  • Participants Who Achieve 15 or More Percent Body Weight Reduction (Yes/no) [ Time Frame: Week 68 ]

    Number of participants who achieved more than or equal to (≥) 15% weight loss at week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Participants Who Achieve 20 or More Percent Body Weight Reduction (Yes/no) [ Time Frame: Week 68 ]

    Number of participants who achieved more than or equal to (≥) 20% weight loss at week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Waist Circumference (cm) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in waist circumference from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to date of last contact with trial site (week 75).


  • Change in Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in systolic blood pressure from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to date of last contact with trial site (week 75).


  • Change in Short Form 36 (SF-36) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    SF-36 is a 36-item patient-reported survey of patient health that measures the participant's overall health-related quality of life (HRQoL). SF-36v2™ questionnaire measured eight domains of functional health and well-being as well as two component summary scores (physical component summary and mental component summary). In the metric of norm-based scores, 50 and 10 corresponds to the mean and standard deviation, respectively, for the 2009 US general population. Change from week 0 in the domain scores and component summary scores were evaluated at week 68. A positive change score indicates an improvement since baseline. These endpoints were evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period which is the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite for Clinical Trial (IWQoL-Lite for CT) Score [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    IWQoL-Lite for CT is a modified version of an instrument designed to assess weight-related quality of life. It is used to assess the impact of body weight changes on patients' physical and psychosocial functioning in three composite scores (physical function, physical and psychosocial) and a total score. The scores range between 0-100 where higher scores indicate a better quality of life. A positive change score indicates an improvement since baseline. These endpoints were evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period which is the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Weight (kg) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body weight from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Mass Index (BMI) (kg/m2) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body mass index from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in HbA1C (%) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in HbA1C (mmol/Mol) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in HbA1c from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) (mg/dL) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in fasting plasma glucose from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Fasting Serum Insulin (mIU/L) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in fasting serum insulin from week 0 to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. Fasting serum insulin was measured in milli-international units per milliliter (mIU/mL). The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in diastolic blood pressure from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in fasting total cholesterol from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in High-density Lipoproteins (HDL) (mg/dL) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in fasting HDL from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Low-density Lipoproteins (LDL) (mg/dL) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in fasting LDL from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Very Low-density Lipoproteins (VLDL) (mg/dL) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in fasting VLDL from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Free Fatty Acids (mg/dL) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in fasting free fatty acids from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Triglycerides (mg/dL) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in fasting triglycerides from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) - (mg/L) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in high sensitivity C-reactive protein from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) Activity (AU/ml) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Soluble Leptin Receptor (ng/mL) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in soluble leptin receptor from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Leptin (ng/mL) - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in leptin from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Composition (Total Fat Mass) (%) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body composition (total fat mass) from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. Body composition was assessed using Dual Energy X-ray Absorpmetry (DEXA). The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Composition (Total Fat Mass) (kg) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body composition (total fat mass) from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. Body composition was assessed using Dual Energy X-ray Absorpmetry (DEXA). The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Composition (Lean Body Mass) (%) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body composition (lean body mass) from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. Body composition was assessed using DEXA. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Composition (Lean Body Mass) (kg) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body composition (lean body mass) from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. Body composition was assessed using DEXA. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Composition (Visceral Fat Mass) (%) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body composition (visceral fat mass) from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. Body composition was assessed using DEXA. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Composition (Visceral Fat Mass) (kg) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body composition (visceral fat mass) from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. Body composition was assessed using DEXA. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Weight (%) - DEXA Subpopulation [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body weight from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented in DEXA subpopulation. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Change in Body Weight (kg) - DEXA Subpopulation [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in body weight from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented in DEXA subpopulation. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from in-trial observation period. In-trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from start of randomization (week 0) to last trial-related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Participants Who Achieve "Responder Definition Value" (Yes/no) for SF-36 Physical Functioning Score [ Time Frame: After week 68 ]

    The observed number of participants experiencing a meaningful within participant improvement in SF-36 Physical function after 68 weeks was determined based on two different thresholds. The threshold of 4.3 is the default generic responder threshold defined in SF-36 manual for a general population. The threshold of 3.7 is specific for the population with overweight or obesity included in the study and calculated using patient global rating anchor questionnaires to reflect participants' own perspective based on FDA recommendations. In the reported data, "Yes" infers the number of participants who have achieved an improvement in score greater than or equal to the threshold and "No" infers number of participants who have not achieved an improvement in score greater than or equal to the threshold. The endpoint was evaluated based on the in-trial observation period which is the uninterrupted time interval from randomization (week 0) to last trial related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Participants Who Achieve "Responder Definition Value" (Yes/no) for IWQoL-Lite for CT Physical Function Domain (5-items) Score [ Time Frame: After week 68 ]

    The observed number of participants experiencing a meaningful within participant improvement in IWQOL-Lite-CT physical function after 68 weeks was determined based on two different thresholds. The threshold of 20 was a preliminary responder threshold based on earlier studies. The threshold of 14.6 is specific for the population with overweight or obesity included in the study and calculated using patient global rating anchor questionnaires to reflect participants' own perspective based on FDA recommendations. In the reported data, "Yes" infers the number of participants who have achieved an improvement in score greater than or equal to the threshold and "No" infers the number of participants who have not achieved an improvement in score greater than or equal to the threshold. The endpoint was evaluated based on the in-trial observation period. In trial observation period: the uninterrupted time interval from randomization (week 0) to last trial related subject-site contact (week 75).


  • Number of Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAEs) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 75 ]

    An adverse event (AE) was defined as any unfavorable and unintended sign (including an abnormal laboratory finding), symptom or disease temporally associated with the use of a product, whether or not considered related to the product. All AEs mentioned here are treatment emergent adverse events (TEAE) defined as an event for which the onset of the event occurs in the on-treatment period. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from on-treatment observation period. On-treatment observation period: includes all time intervals in which participants are considered to be on treatment from the first (week 0) to last trial product administration (week 68), including 7 weeks of follow-up. It excludes any period of temporary treatment interruption. Temporary treatment interruption is defined as more than 7 consecutive missed doses (off-treatment period).


  • Number of Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 75 ]

    A serious adverse event (SAE) is defined as any untoward medical occurrence that at any dose results in death, or is life-threatening, or requires inpatient hospitalization or causes prolongation of existing hospitalization results in persistent or significant disability/incapacity, or may have caused a congenital anomaly/birth defect, or requires intervention to prevent permanent impairment or damage. The SAEs occurred from week 0 to week 75 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from on-treatment observation period. On-treatment observation period: includes all time intervals in which participants are considered to be on treatment from the first (week 0) to last trial product administration (week 68), including 7 weeks of follow-up. It excludes any period of temporary treatment interruption. Temporary treatment interruption is defined as more than 7 consecutive missed doses (off-treatment period).


  • Change in Pulse [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in pulse from baseline (week 0) to week 68 is presented. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from on-treatment observation period. On-treatment observation period: includes all time intervals in which participants are considered to be on treatment from the first (week 0) to last trial product administration (week 68) including 2 weeks of follow-up. It excludes any period of temporary treatment interruption. Temporary treatment interruption is defined as more than 2 consecutive missed doses (off-treatment period).


  • Change in Amylase - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in amylase (measured as units per litre [U/L]) is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from on-treatment observation period. On-treatment observation period: includes all time intervals in which participants are considered to be on treatment from the first (week 0) to last trial product administration (week 68) including 2 weeks of follow-up. It excludes any period of temporary treatment interruption. Temporary treatment interruption is defined as more than 2 consecutive missed doses (off-treatment period).


  • Change in Lipase - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in lipase (measured as units per litre [U/L]) is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from on-treatment observation period. On-treatment observation period: includes all time intervals in which participants are considered to be on treatment from the first (week 0) to last trial product administration (week 68) including 2 weeks of follow-up. It excludes any period of temporary treatment interruption. Temporary treatment interruption is defined as more than 2 consecutive missed doses (off-treatment period).


  • Change in Calcitonin - Ratio to Baseline [ Time Frame: Baseline (week 0) to week 68 ]

    Change in calcitonin (measured as ng/L) is presented as ratio to baseline. The endpoint was evaluated based on the data from on-treatment observation period. On-treatment observation period: includes all time intervals in which participants are considered to be on treatment from the first (week 0) to last trial product administration (week 68) including 2 weeks of follow-up. It excludes any period of temporary treatment interruption. Temporary treatment interruption is defined as more than 2 consecutive missed doses (off-treatment period).


  • Why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study?

    The debriefing is an essential part of the informed consent process and is mandatory when the research study involves use of deception. The debriefing provides participants with a full explanation of the hypothesis being tested, procedures to deceive participants and the reason(s) why it was necessary to deceive them.

    Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception?

    Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception? A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

    Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse for example offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study )?

    Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse (for example, offering undergraduate students free tuition for a semester for participating in a study)? It unduly influences people into participating.

    When determining whether a study should be conducted We have to balance which two issues?

    When determining whether a study should be conducted, we have to balance which two issues? The potential risks to participants vs. the value of knowledge we can gain.