Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the federal government under Roosevelt quizlet?

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unit test three + 17, 18

Terms in this set (260)

Which of the following factors helped stall the development of the New Deal in the late 1930s?

conservative southern Democrats joining with Republicans to block proposed New Deal programs

What was the main purpose of the Civilian Conservation Corps?

to provide work relief for young men through the preservation of national resources

The new tactic of the "sit-down strike" was used successfully in 1937 by ________ and inspired other workers to ________.

automobile workers; join unions

What was the Second New Deal?

the more radical phase of the New Deal that included projects such as Social Security

Which of the following statements about Eleanor Roosevelt is accurate?

She was especially supportive of women, African Americans, and youth.

Which of the following eventually proved the MOST effective answer to the sluggish economy, unemployment, and the plight of farmers?

national mobilization for the Second World War

What was the greatest triumph of the New Deal?

its role in demonstrating that American democracy could cope with the collapse of capitalism

Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the federal government under Roosevelt?

National economic planning, restoring prosperity, and ensuring social security for all fell under the responsibility of the federal government.

What was the purpose of the Wagner Act?

It guaranteed workers the right to organize unions and bargain directly with management.

During his presidential campaign, what did Huey Long propose as an alternative to the New Deal?

the Share-the-Wealth Society to raise taxes on the wealthy and redistribute money to "the people"

Economic distress in the 1930s fed the growth of what in Europe?

totalitarian regimes

In early 1937, Roosevelt proposed to reform the Supreme Court by

adding up to six additional members.

The goal of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 was to raise farm income mainly through

cutbacks in production.

Who was Richard Wright?

He wrote Native Son, a story of racial prejudice that follows events that transpire after an accidental murder.

What did the Supreme Court do in the case of Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States?

It overturned the National Industrial Recovery Act, ruling that Congress had given too much power to the president and representing the growing opposition to the New Deal.

Labor's new direction in the late 1930s was toward

industrial unions.

What was one of the main purposes of the Glass-Steagall Banking Act of 1933?

It reduced the chance that another panic would occur by creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to insure customer bank accounts up to a certain amount of money.

The 1937 economic slump was caused in part by

a sharp decrease in government spending

Which of the following statements correctly describes FDR's attitude toward African Americans?

Even as African Americans were shifting toward the Democratic party, he generally showed little concern for the difficulties facing them.

Why was the episode surrounding the "Court-packing" plan significant?

It was among Roosevelt's most humiliating moments and fractured the Democratic party.

The Tennessee Valley Authority employed thousands in order to

produce cheap electric power.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938?

It set a minimum wage of 40¢ an hour.

Which of the following is true of the Works Progress Administration?

It managed a wide array of jobs, became the nation's largest employer, and included the National Youth Administration.

What did Roosevelt do at the outset of his presidency to deal with the banking crisis?

He declared a bank holiday, shutting the banks down briefly.

Why did the Supreme Court declare the NRA unconstitutional in 1935?

The NRA had assumed lawmaking powers that were constitutionally only granted to Congress.

Which of the following events was part of Roosevelt's background, and how did it affect his presidency?

He was permanently disabled after contracting polio, which enhanced his ability to identify with people struggling through difficult times.

Which of the following organizations sought to set workplace standards, such as child labor restrictions?

National Recovery Administration

Which of the following statements about the Social Security Act of 1935 is true?

It involved a federal retirement fund for people over sixty-five and was meant to supplement other sources of income.

Which of the following factors helped stall the development of the New Deal in the late 1930s

conservative southern democrats joining with republicans to block proposed new deal programs

During the summer of 1941 the Unites States attempted to restrain Japanese expansion by

Restricting oil to Japan and freezing Japanese assets in the United States

What was the result of the Battle of Britain in 1940?

Although German air strikes killed many British civilians, the Royal Air Force used new radar technology to win the battle and postpone German invasion plans.

In late summer 1940, President Roosevelt agreed to send fifty "overaged" destroyers to Britain in return for

the ability to build U.S. naval and air bases on British islands in the Caribbean.

British and American differences over where to attack Germany first were resolved with the decision to launch an offensive

in North Africa.

The passage of the Lend-Lease bill in 1941 signaled what about American opinion?

Isolationist strength was weakening.

Who were the Tuskegee Airmen during the Second World War?

African American pilots trained in Tuskegee, Alabama whose performance in the war helped inspire the eventual desegregation of the armed forces after the war

Which agency was created to direct industrial conversion to war production?

War Production Board

What was the role of the Nye Committee?

It investigated and criticized the role that bankers and munitions makers played in America's entry into the Great War.

What effect did the German occupation of Czechoslovakia have on Roosevelt?

It caused him to no longer profess impartiality in the impending European struggle.

Which of the following contributed to Hitler's rise to power?

his use of showmanship and organization of a police state employing tyranny, terrorism, and propaganda to impose absolute control

In 1935, Hitler, in flagrant violation of the Versailles Treaty, began rebuilding Germany's

armed forces.

What combination of factors turned the tide and led to the Allied victory?

American industrial productivity and the Soviet Union's ability to absorb and ultimately repel the German invasion

Which of the following statements accurately describes the purpose of the Neutrality Act of 1935?

It forbade the sale of arms and munitions to warring nations.

In what way was Operation Overlord a turning point in the war?

It opened a western front in the war around the same time the Soviets advanced on Germany from the east.

What were "war relocation camps"?

They were essentially internment camps for over 100,000 Japanese Americans during the war due to racial and fear-based prejudice.

In June 1941, Germany widened the war by ________ as part of Operation Barbarossa.

invading the Soviet Union

What was the role of the Office of Price Administration?

to ration and set price ceilings on high-demand items such as tires, sugar, and gasoline

Which of the following was one of the ironies of the Second World War?

While fighting racism celebrated by fascism abroad, the United States tolerated racism at home, continuing to racially segregate the military.

What significant objective motivated Japanese expansion into Southeast Asia and the Pacific during 1940-1941?

the expansion's provision of access to vitally needed raw materials

What was the result of the invasion of Manchuria, China by Japanese troops in the 1930s?

They took advantage of China's weakness during a civil war by proclaiming Manchuria's independence.

By November 1941, the United States insisted it would reopen trade with Japan only after that country

withdrew completely from China.

Why was the attack on Pearl Harbor significant?

It was a surprise attack that immediately caused the United States to enter the war and brought the isolationist movement to an abrupt end.

At what point did Congress revise the 1935 Neutrality Act to do more to stop "aggressor" nations?

after the invasion of Poland

Which of the following statements accurately describes the German blitzkrieg?

It was centered on speed and stunned defenders who faced coordinated air and land forces in western Europe.

How did developments in Germany and Japan compare leading up to the Second World War?

At the same time as Adolf Hitler professed his intention to use Germany's supposed racial supremacy to dominate Europe, Japanese leaders purported their intention for their "master race" to direct a resurgent Asia.

Germany's invasion of what country triggered the beginning of the Second World War in Europe?

Poland

What was the Atlantic Charter?

a joint British-American statement of anti-Axis war aims

Which of the following occurred during the Tehran Conference where Churchill, Stalin, and Roosevelt all met together for the first time?

They discussed the planned invasion of France and Russian offense across eastern Europe as well as made early plans for the United Nations.

Which of the following accurately describes wartime opportunities of American women during the Second World War?

Many women served in the armed forces as well as in the civilian workforce, in part thanks to recruitment efforts by the government.

Through the Lend-Lease bill, passed in January 1941, "any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States"

could receive military equipment, supplies, and other necessary materials even if that country lacked the funds to pay for those items.

What was the significance of the 1945 Yalta Conference?

Roosevelt yielded to some of Stalin's territorial desires in order to secure Soviet help to defeat Japan and Soviet participation in the United Nations.

General Douglas MacArthur and Admiral Chester Nimitz developed the ________ strategy to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific war.

island-hopping

Following the conclusion of the Second World War, the two most powerful nations in the world were

the United States and the Soviet Union.

What was Hitler's "Final Solution"?

the wholesale extermination of the Jews, who Hitler blamed for most of Germany's problems

From late 1941 into early 1942, the Second World War in the Pacific included

a succession of Japanese victories that saw numerous Allied outposts fall.

Which of the following was a result of the Second World War?

The United States became more deeply committed to international affairs.

What was the role of the Potsdam Declaration?

It demanded that Japan surrender or face "prompt and utter destruction."

Which of the following statements accurately describes the decision-making process behind the use of atomic bombs against Japan?

American military planners reasoned that use of the bombs would prevent the necessity of a conventional invasion, which they believed would cost more than a million lives.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the political climate as the 1948 election approached?

Truman had not yet successfully cast away the widespread impression that he was not up to the role of president, and most political analysts assumed he would lose the next election.

The Soviet acquisition of the atomic bomb in 1949 inspired Truman to

order the development of a hydrogen bomb.

What was the role of the Truman Doctrine?

It committed the United States to help "free peoples" facing pressure from communism

Why did President Truman veto the McCarran Internal Security Act?

He felt it promoted thought control.

What were among the main U.S. foreign policy concerns following the Second World War and why?

With the elimination of German Nazism, the United States and the Soviet Union no longer seemed to share a united goal; the power vacuums in Europe and Asia due to the defeat of the Germans and Japanese left the Americans and Soviets competing for global influence

What is one way the Chinese civil war proved significant for the cold war?

It resulted in the victory of Communists over Chinese Nationalists, and the Communists would go on to intervene in the Korean War to aid their North Korean allies.

Truman's response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 was to

launch a massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin.

Truman viewed the results of the 1948 election as a mandate for

social welfare programs

How has the public and historical perception of Truman's presidency evolved over time?

During Truman's presidency, many Americans blamed him for issues such as higher taxes and higher prices for consumers brought by the war, but years later, many have come to view him more positively, appreciating that he dealt with a complex set of problems.

In response to Truman's actions and policies up to that point, the 1946 congressional elections resulted in

Republican control of Congress.

On the domestic front, President Truman soon made clear his intention to

enlarge the New Deal.

To what did Winston Churchill compare the boundary between Soviet-occupied Eastern Europe and Western Europe?

an iron curtain

Drawing on the assumptions of the "domino theory," Truman believed the Soviet and Communist activities in Greece would

allow for the fall of the other nations in eastern Mediterranean, followed by those in Western Europe, if unchecked.

Why was the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) significant to American foreign policy?

The commitment to NATO as a mutual defense alliance against the Soviet Union marked an end to isolationism in the United States.

One of Truman's strengths as he assumed the presidency was his

genuine demeanor and ability to arise above his limitations.

One major reason that the Second World War inspired postwar changes in race relations in the United States was the

racist nature of opponents of the United States, such as the Nazis, during the war.

Which of the following statements is true in regard to Israel's founding in 1948?

The United States became the first country to recognize the Jewish state.

UN forces reaching the Yalu River brought about

a massive Chinese intervention

What was the role of the Marshall Plan?

It was an international economic recovery program that also sought to reduce socialist influence in Europe and reestablish a strong Western Europe rooted in American values.

Which of the following appears to have led to the cold war in retrospect?

ideological competition between democratic capitalism and totalitarian communism and their opposing views of what the postwar world should become

Which of the following is true of Truman's Fair Deal proposals by and large?

Most of them were simply extensions or enlargements of New Deal programs, and a bipartisan conservative coalition in Congress successfully stopped their passage.

Why did Truman fire General MacArthur?

for insubordination

Which of the following is true of the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947?

It allowed the president to impose a "cooling-off" period during major strikes.

Authored by Paul Nitze, ________ endorsed a massive militarized version of containment that guided American foreign policy for decades.

NSC-68

By the spring of 1945, the United States and Britain were becoming deeply concerned over Soviet actions in

Eastern Europe.

What was the stance of the Dixiecrats in the 1948 campaign?

They supported states' rights and racial segregation.

In 1947, President Truman took actions to banish Communists from ________ by issuing an executive order known as the Loyalty Order.

the federal government

As a result of the global burdens the United States assumed after the Second World War, how did the federal government change?

It became larger, more powerful, and more secretive, in part due to the actions of both major political parties and the lobbying efforts of the military-industrial complex.

The Yalta pledges of democratic elections in Eastern Europe were

violated by the Soviet Union.

Senator McCarthy was very effective in

exploiting public fears.

Which of the following reorganized the American defense and intelligence establishment in 1947, creating the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Department of Defense, National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency?

National Security Act

An impact of the Korean War was that Truman authorized increased assistance for French troops fighting a Communist independence movement in a French colony in ________, beginning U.S. military involvement there.

southeast Asia

Which of the following occurred in Asia with the end of the Second World War?

Korea became divided into northern and southern halves, with the Soviets organizing a Communist government in the north and the Americans then helping to establish a democratic government in the south.

What was the role of the GI Bill?

It provided loans to veterans for education, job training, and the building of homes and businesses.

Which of the following statements describes the role State Department official George Kennan played in the onset of the cold war?

He recommended that the United States contain Soviet expansionist tendencies through efforts to undermine the appeal of Soviet communism.

What is significant about the way Truman got the United States involved in the Korean War?

He was able to do it without a congressional declaration, bypassing a constitutional provision.

Due to the overall prosperity of the decade, blacks were able to close the income gap with whites by the end of the 1950s.

false

Middle-class whites organized Citizens' Councils after the Brown decision to organize support for integration and African American civil rights.

false

The Eisenhower Doctrine committed the United States to provide economic and military assistance to Arab nations that were threatened by communism.

true

Society's message to women in the 1950s was that they should strive to combine motherhood and professional careers.

false

The United States supported Britain and France as they tried to seize control of the Suez Canal in 1956.

false

The Viet Cong supported and defended Ngo Dinh Diem's government in South Vietnam.

false

The Federal Highway Act was the largest federal project in history.

true

Dwight D. Eisenhower tried to reduce Social Security and other entitlement programs.

false

The phrase "In God We Trust" was added to coins and currency in the 1950s.

true

During the 1950s, the black population in the North decreased as a result of the Second Great Migration

false

During Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency, moderate republicanism involved the promise of restoring the authority of state and local governments.

true

Joseph McCarthy was tried for perjury and sentenced to serve time in jail for his crusade against Communists.

false

the GI Bill of Rights provided financial assistance for home loans and college expenses.

true

The loss of Dien Bien Phu signaled the end of French rule in Indochina.

true

By 1960, millions of homes in the United States had a television set.

true

Whittaker Chambers accused Alger Hiss of supplying secret U.S. documents to the Soviets

true

The Fair Deal was President Truman's name for his approach to foreign policy in the early days of the cold war.

false

Henry Wallace ran for president in 1948 as the Progressive party candidate.

true

The Servicemen's Readjustment Act was also known as the GI Bill of Rights

true

Truman's firing of MacArthur in 1951 was over MacArthur's refusal to pursue the war in Korea.

false

Harry Truman was famously short-tempered and outspoken.

true

At the end of the Second World War, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel.

true

Due to shrinking military production, a deep recession followed the end of the Second World War.

false

Truman banned racial discrimination in the federal government and segregation in the military.

true

In the civil war that broke out in Greece after the Second World War, the United States assisted the British-supported government and announced what came to be known as the Truman Doctrine.

true

The Berlin airlift saw the aerial evacuation of American personnel from Berlin after the Soviets blockaded the city.

false

The year 1949 saw both the Communists' winning control of China and the Soviets' development of an atomic bomb.

true

In the ideological contest against the United States, Communists highlighted examples of racism to win influence among newly emerging African nations.

true

When Truman removed wartime restrictions on prices and wages, there were strikes and other labor disputes in the steel, coal, and railroad industries.

True

Israel's creation in 1948 was followed immediately by a war with its Arab neighbors.

true

Conservatives and business leaders considered Roosevelt a "traitor to his class" for the increase in taxes that came with the New Deal.

true

John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath focused on the experiences of and guilt felt by Wall Street businessmen after Black Tuesday.

false

The federal government expanded its regulatory power over Wall Street as part of the First New Deal.

true

The Agricultural Adjustment Administration required farmers to donate surplus crops and livestock to feed the poor

false

Early in his presidency, Roosevelt ended Prohibition, in part to regain federal tax revenues from the sale of alcoholic beverages.

true

Going to movies was a widespread activity during the thirties, in part because movies offered a sense of release and rarely dealt with hard times.

true

The Wagner Act was intended to end labor unions.

false

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was revolutionary in that it welcomed women and housed African Americans and Native Americans in desegregated buildings.

false

Eleanor Roosevelt was a shy person who shunned attention, but she did much work behind the scenes to raise support for her husband's New Deal.

false

Roosevelt wanted Americans to view their retirement checks through Social Security as something they had paid for themselves and deserved.

true

Roosevelt called the Social Security Act the "supreme achievement" of the New Deal.

true

The New Deal was responsible for ending racial discrimination in the federal government, including the military.

false

In the 1936 presidential election between Roosevelt and Alfred M. Landon, a majority of African Americans maintained a historical trend of the time by voting for a Republican president.

false

An incident at the Marco Polo Bridge in 1937 triggered a full-scale war between Japan and French Indochina.

false

During the Second World War, presidential authority expanded at the expense of state and local authority.

true

American isolationism declined in the turmoil of the Great Depression of the early 1930s.

false

Hitler portrayed himself as Germany's savior from the humiliation of having lost the Great War.

true

The cash-and-carry provision of the Neutrality Act of 1937 permitted belligerent nations to purchase American goods, including arms and munitions, as long as they were transported on the belligerent nation's own ships.

false

During the presidential election of 1940, Franklin Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term.

true

The United States opened its ports to all Jewish refugees who fled the Holocaust during the Second World War.

false

The government initially had plans to develop a Women's Army Corps (WAC) but never received enough funding or interest for it to officially take off.

false

The global scope and scale of the Second World War ended America's ________ during the previous two decades.

isolationism in terms of global conflicts

What did the governments of Italy and Germany have in common by the 1930s?

Both had established fascist forms of government.

The Manhattan Project was a secret U.S. government project to develop the atomic bomb before the Germans did.

true

France rapidly fell to the Nazis, shocking the world and causing complacency toward the Nazis in the United States to turn to fear.

true

Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 without plans for holding trials and despite the fact that not a single incident of espionage involving Japanese Americans was found.

true

The Nye Committee concluded that the United States should only enter the Second World War if it was directly attacked first.

false

Despite the New Deal, full recovery from the Depression did not come until the crisis of the Second World War.

true

The single most important stimulant to the postwar economy was

cold war-related military spending.

What stance did Eisenhower take in terms of New Deal programs?

He retained most New Deal programs and even expanded some of them, while also working to rid the government of the "excesses" that had resulted from many years of Democratic control.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the baby boom in the United States?

It was a postwar trend that reinforced the idea that a woman's place was in the home and helped drive economic growth due the market of goods centered on children.

What trend did home ownership tend to follow between 1945 and 1960?

It significantly increased.

What was the phenomenon of "white flight" in the 1950s after the Second World War?

It was the movement of many whites to suburbs in response to the migration of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities in search of better opportunities after the war.

Since the nineteenth century, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia had been ruled by

France

The American policy of "massive retaliation" refers to the

strategy of using the threat of nuclear war to prevent Communist aggression and, thus, keeping the financial cost manageable.

What was one way in which the 1957 Soviet launch of Sputnik was significant?

It led to increased U.S. government funding for science education and defense spending.

What was the state of car ownership in America by 1955?

Most American households owned a car, resulting in a greater range of choices such as the growth of fast-food restaurants as well as unintended consequences such as environmental pollution.

Which of the following is an accurate assessment of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960?

Although they were the first civil rights laws since the late nineteenth century, they ultimately were watered down in terms of enforcement and, thus, failed to have much consequence.

The first step in Egyptian General Gamal Abdel Nasser's bid to become the leader of the Arab world was

seizing the Suez Canal.

Why did the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) work to replace the leaders of Guatemala and Iran in the 1950s?

Both countries had governments viewed as "unfriendly" regimes, and it was feared they would join the Soviet bloc.

Blacks who moved to northern cities tended to find

new problems due to racial prejudice but better lives overall.

In The Affluent Society, John Kenneth Galbraith pointed out the

persistence of poverty in the 1950s

How did Eisenhower describe his domestic policy of dynamic conservatism?

"conservative when it comes to money, and liberal when it comes to human beings"

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the United States in the 1950s?

Although white, middle-class Americans enjoyed unprecedented economic growth, the idealized image of America at the time was much more complicated in terms of race and class, and many feared what the new age of nuclear terror might bring.

What was the significance of the Federal-Aid Highway Act (1956)?

It created a large network of interstate highways, which in turn helped create jobs, tourism opportunities, and economic growth.

What was one way in which the intervention of the United States in Iran in the 1950s was significant?

A CIA-engineered coup in Iran was viewed as successful and emboldened Eisenhower to authorize other secret operations to undermine governments thought to be falling victim to communism.

What was the policy of "massive resistance" as promoted by senators such as Harry F. Byrd of Virginia?

southern opposition led by the Citizens' Councils and local and state governments against federal efforts to integrate public schools

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Beats?

This controversial group of artists was self-absorbed and reckless, and often rejected traditional responsibilities of middle-class life.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)?

It was a civil rights organization led by Martin Luther King Jr. that coordinated activities between a cluster of organizations such as churches and community groups.

What was the Supreme Court's decision in the case Brown v. Board of Education?

It struck down "separate but equal" in public education

Which of the following statements accurately describes President Eisenhower's civil rights record?

Although committed in principle, he took a very passive approach to civil rights in reality, preferring to leave the issue to local and state governments.

What was the significance of the "falling-domino" theory?

Describing how quickly communism would spread once it infiltrated a nation, the theory was used by Eisenhower to justify beginning conflicts such as the Vietnam War, despite the fact that anti-colonial insurgencies often resulted from nationalist motives.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the impact of the GI Bill on African Americans?

Benefits experienced by African Americans were limited because for example, most colleges and universities remained racially segregated and refused to admit blacks.

According to the advertisements in popular magazines at the time, the ideal woman of the mid-1950s was

a white suburban housewife.

The music Alan Freed labeled "rock 'n' roll" was actually

rhythm and blues.

Encouraged American propaganda broadcasts through Radio Free Europe, ________ nationalists rebelled against occupying Communist troops in 1956.

Hungarian

Senator Joseph McCarthy's power began to unravel when he made reckless charges about Communist influence in

the U.S. Army.

One of the factors that contributed to religion's growing appeal in the 1950s was

the desire to combat "godless" communism.

What tactic did Martin Luther King Jr. and the activists who organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott follow in their protest?

nonviolent civil disobedience

The postwar era witnessed its most dramatic population growth in

the suburbs.

An important reason for passage of the GI Bill was to

prevent widespread unemployment.

In 1957, nine African American students attended Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas for the first time. Which of the following statements accurately describes the actions taken by Eisenhower?

Eisenhower reluctantly dispatched federal troops there to maintain law and order, angering many southern politicians.

Before becoming president, Eisenhower was MOST shaped by his experience in

the military.

Which of the following differentiated the postwar era from earlier periods of prosperity?

a consumer culture in which a large number of people participated

With the end of the Second World War, women workers who had taken on traditionally male jobs during the war were encouraged to

give up their jobs to returning veterans.

By the 1950s, suburban life was marked by an increasing

uniformity

During Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency, moderate republicanism involved the promise of restoring the authority of state and local governments.

True

Which of the following statements accurately summarizes an impact of the urban-industrial revolution at the dawn of the twentieth century?

It had transformed the size, scope, and power of the American economy such that only governmental intervention could restore economic fairness and social stability.

How did unions often fare in organizing labor around the years 1860-1900?

Unions faced significant obstacles, such as the so-called blacklisting of union organizers to keep them from getting hired.

How was the Knights of Labor unique as a labor group?

It grew rapidly, even as trade unions collapsed during the depression of the 1870s, and continued advocating the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism.

What was the first industry to contract with "investment banks" to raise capital by selling shares of stock to investors?

the railroad industry

A transcontinental railroad had not been built before the Civil War because

North-South sectional differences prevented Congress from selecting a route.

What was one main reason electric motors were significant to the industrialization of the late nineteenth century?

They freed factories to locate wherever they wished, not just by waterfalls and coal deposits.

Violence erupted during the Homestead strike when

chief executive Henry Frick tried to break the strike by bringing in Pinkerton agents.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the significance of post-Civil War inventions to women in particular?

The invention of the typewriter and sewing machine opened up new employment possibilities to many women, although often on the basis of the idea that women would work for lower pay.

What was the significance of the railcars connected to Pullman cars during the Pullman strike?

They were used as justification for a federal intervention, as President Cleveland claimed that the strike must be ended because it interfered with the mail.

Which of the following is true of the Pennsylvania oil rush?

In terms of economic importance, it outweighed the California gold rush of a decade before.

What are holding companies?

Firms that control the stock of other companies

Which of the following statements accurately describes the conditions affecting the industrial development of the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century after the Civil War?

The rising tide of immigrants at the time created a large workforce willing to work for low pay as well as a market of consumers.

What was the effect of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?

It revealed how polarizing the relationship between the working poor and executives had become and ended when the workers, who lacked organized bargaining power, returned to work.

What was the American Federation of Labor (AFL)?

It was a group of separate national unions organized by delegates from craft unions and primarily concerned with securing concrete economic gains

What does the term "economies of scale" describe?

business enterprises that produced large quantities of product cheaply thanks to large workforces and machines

Which of the following statements accurately describes child labor in Gilded Age America?

Child laborers suffered many more accidents relative to adult workers.

During the Gilded Age, which of the following could be said of the wealthy in America?

Many of the newly rich engaged in "conspicuous consumption," such as through elaborate parties, making class divisions appear more pronounced.

Why was there a growth of craft unions during the Civil War?

The war sparked an increased demand for skilled labor.

Sears, Roebuck and Company was a pioneer in

selling goods by mail order, thereby helping transform rural towns.

What was the Haymarket Riot of 1886?

Occurring amid a strike in favor of the eight-hour workday, it was what journalists called America's first terrorist bombing and was blamed on anarchist leaders despite a lack of evidence.

What were so-called bonanza farms that spread across the country during the second half of the nineteenth century?

corporate-owned farms that were run like factories

Which of the following statements describes the experiences of industrial workers in Gilded Age America?

Working and living conditions remained dangerous.

What industry did Andrew Carnegie dominate by 1900?

steel

Which of the following best accounts for the success of Standard Oil?

Its eventual corporate structure, known as vertical integration, allowed it to grow tremendously.

George Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla invented which device that revolutionized American industry?

the dynamo, or electric motor

What is the name for the business strategy in which a dominant corporation buys or forces out most of its competitors?

horizontal integration

The railroads were key in helping the United States to emerge as a

world power.

What was the purpose of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)?

It was intended to be one giant labor union that would take back the means of production and would be open to all workers.

The postwar South suffered from an acute shortage of

capital

The 1896 Supreme Court decision in ________ legitimized racial segregation as constitutional by affirming the idea of "separate but equal."

Plessy v. Ferguson

The redeemers emphasized the restoration of

white supremacy.

The Comstock Lode refers to a

mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada that was the most profitable at that point.

As discontent rose among farmers in both the South and West at the end of the nineteenth century, many joined what group that claimed to represent them against the political interests of the North and East?

the People's (or Populist) party

Why did W. E. B. Du Bois disagree with what he called the Atlanta Compromise?

He argued that Booker T. Washington's ideas aimed to satisfy powerful whites, thereby giving credence to the idea that African Americans were inferior.

Although an important document in American history, Turner's "frontier thesis" is in some ways problematic because it

exaggerated the homogenizing effect of the frontier environment and virtually ignored the role of women, Native Americans, African Americans, Hispanics, and Asians.

The 1890 census data indicated that

the frontier era in American development was over.

Why was the expansion of railroads significant to the growth of the cattle industry?

As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of southern cattle, more cow towns were established in the West.

In what came to be called the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was

declared unconstitutional due to the ruling that the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments did not give Congress the authority to pass laws dealing with racial discrimination.

What was Joseph Glidden's claim to fame?

He perfected the invention of barbed wire, which sparked "range wars" as well as the loss of Native American lands.

Helen Hunt Jackson's book A Century of Dishonor was influential in describing the United States' exploitation of

Native Americans.

As part of the crop-lien system, which of the following services did "crossroads" merchants provide in exchange for the pledge of a portion of participants' future crops?

food, clothing, seed, and other items "on credit"

Which of the following did Frederick Jackson Turner argue in his "frontier thesis"?

American culture and identity developed from the ways in which the frontier shaped those who lived on it.

Why was the battle at the Little Bighorn River in 1876 significant?

Thousands of Indians led by Crazy Horse annihilated a detachment of Custer's soldiers, leading Congress to prepare for "total war."

What was the purpose of the Dawes Severalty Act?

It sought to "Americanize" Indians by forcing them to become self-reliant farmers that individually owned their own land.

What export crop spurred growth in agriculture in the West during the late nineteenth century?

wheat

Following the 1867 "Report on the Condition of the Indian Tribes," Congress decided that the best way to end the Indian wars was to

persuade the Indians to live on out-of-the-way reservations.

Proponents of the New South believed that the South should

build a society of small farms as well as industrialize.

Violence in the mining towns was

as common as ethnic prejudice toward groups such as Mexicans and Chinese.

The first great cattle town was

Abilene, Kansas.

How did African Americans tend to respond to white supremacy in the South at the end of the nineteenth century?

Despite great adversity, many African Americans embraced their own lively culture and the new economic opportunities that segregation had ironically opened up in terms of black businesses.

Which of the following is true of the Mississippi Plan?

It stripped African Americans of their voting rights, especially those who moved around as tenant farmers or were illiterate, and set a pattern of disenfranchisement that other states would follow.

The rise of the cattle industry

made Chicago the fastest-growing city in the nation.

Buffalo soldiers were

black soldiers, most of whom had been Civil War veterans, fighting in the West against the Indians.

Why was hydraulic mining so damaging to the environment?

It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland.

The principal accomplishment of the South's industrialization after the Civil War was the dramatic growth of the ________ industry.

textile

Proponents of creating a "New South" argued that the Confederacy lost the Civil War because

it relied too much upon King Cotton.

Why did Congress pass the Homestead Act?

to encourage settlement of the western lands

Exodusters" migrated to the West often because

they were making their exodus from the South in search of a place devoid of racism and poverty.

The fight for survival in the trans-Mississippi West made men and women

more equal partners than were their eastern counterparts, as farming required a lot of help.

At the turn of the century, ________ argued that the black response to racial prejudice should be one of "ceaseless agitation" directed toward achieving political and social equality.

W. E. B. Du Bois

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