If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. Show
If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. SummaryA simple approach to imposing order on the study of trade and commerce for the Middle Millennium is to divide Afro-Eurasia into three categories: engines, passageways, and cul-de-sacs. Foreign trade became an important element in the overall Chinese economy under the Song and Yuan dynasties, which together are considered the great age of private commerce. By the end of the thirteenth century, Europe had re-emerged as an engine in Afro-Eurasian commerce, if not yet on the scale of other engines, at least with considerable potential as partner or competitor. The Afro-Eurasian world experienced two cataclysmic events that came as calamities in their immediate impact. In China paper money, which had been in use under the Song and Yuan, increasingly suffered bouts of inflation until the Ming ceased printing it altogether. Under the Song and Yuan, long-distance commerce had been largely in private hands, but this changed under the Ming. ReferencesBenjamin of Tudela. The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela: Travels in the Middle Ages. Trans. Singer, Michael, Adler, Marcus N., and Asher, A.. Malibu, CA: Joseph Simon/Pangloss Press, 1987.Google Scholar Ju-Kua, Chau. His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries Entitled “Chu-Fan Chih.” Trans. Hirth, Friedrich and Rockhill, W.W.. New York: Paragon Book Reprint, 1966.Google Scholar Goitein, S. D., trans. and ed. Letters of Medieval Jewish Traders. Princeton University Press, 1973.Google Scholar Goitein, S. D. and Friedman, M. A.. India Traders of the Middle Ages: Documents from the Cairo Geniza (India book). Leiden: Brill, 2008.Google Scholar Hudūd al-‘Ālam: ‘The Regions of the World,’ A Persian Geography 372 A.H.–982 A.D. Trans. Minorsky, V.. London: Luzac & Co., 1937.Google Scholar Battuta, Ibn. The Travels of Ibn Battuta A.D. 1325–1354, 5 vols. Trans. Gibb, H. A. R. and Beckingham, C. F.. London: Hakluyt Society, 1958–2000.Google Scholar Hauqal, Ibn. Configuration de la Terre (Kitab Surat al-Ard) 2 vols. Trans. Kramers, J. H. and Wiet, G.. Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 2001.Google Scholar Khurdadhbih, Ibn.“Le Livre des Routes et des Provinces par Ibn Khordadbeh” (Kitab al-masalik wa'l mamalik). Trans. de Meynard, C. Barbier, Journal Asiatique 6/5 (1865): 5–127, 227–80, 446–527.Google Scholar Levtzion, N. and Hopkins, J. F. P., trans. and ed. Corpus of Early Arabic Sources for West African History. Princeton: Markus Wiener, 2000.Google Scholar Ma Huan, . Ying-yai sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores. Trans. and ed. Mills, J. V. G.. Cambridge: Hakluyt Society, 1970.Google Scholar Marvazi, Sharaf al-Zaman Tahir. China, the Turks and India. Trans. Minorsky, V.. London: The Royal Asiatic Society, 1942.Google Scholar Al-Mas'udi, Abu’ l'Hasan ‘Ali b. al-Husayn. Les prairies d'or (Muruj al-Dhahab wa-ma ‘adin al-jawhar). Trans. de Maynard, C. Barbier and de Courteille, Pavet, revised by Pellat, Charles. Paris: Société asiatique, 1962.Google Scholar Muqaddasi, Shams al-Din Abu Abd Allah Muhammad b. Ahmad. The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions (Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma‘rifat al-Aqalim). Trans. Colins, B.A.. Reading: Garnet, 1994.Google Scholar Polo, Marco. The Book of Ser Marco Polo 2 vols. 3rd edn. Trans. and ed. Yule, Henry and Cordier, Henri. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1993.Google Scholar Xuanzang, . The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions. Trans. Rongxi, Li. Berkeley, CA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 1996.Google Scholar Yule, Henry and Cordier, H., trans. and ed. Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China 4 vols. London: Hakluyt Society, 1937.Google Scholar Abu-Lughod, Janet L. Before European Hegemony: The World System A.D. 1250–1350. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.Google Scholar Bentley, Jerry H. Old World Encounters: Cross Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.Google Scholar Chaudhuri, K. N. Asia Before Europe: Economy and Civilisation of the Indian Ocean from the Rise of Islam to 1750. Cambridge University Press, 1991.Google Scholar Curtin, Philip D. Cross-Cultural Trade in World History. Cambridge University Press, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Franck, Irene and Brownstone, David M.. The Silk Road: A History. New York: Facts on File Publications, 1986.Google Scholar Hodges, Richard and Whitehouse, David. Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983.Google Scholar McCormick, Michael. Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce, A.D. 300–900. Cambridge University Press, 2001.Google Scholar McIntosh, Roderick James. The Peoples of the Middle Niger: The Island of Gold. Oxford: Blackwell, 1998.Google Scholar Smith, Richard L. Premodern Trade in World History. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar Spufford, Peter. Money and its Uses in Medieval Europe. Cambridge University Press, 1988.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Thapar, Romila. Early India: From the Origins to CE 1300. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002.Google Scholar Vaissière, Etienne. Sogdian Traders. A History. Trans. Ward, James. Leiden: Brill, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Wickham, Chris. Framing the Early Middle Ages: Europe and the Mediterranean, 400–800. Oxford University Press, 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Wicks, Robert S. Money, Markets, and Trade in Early Southeast Asia: The Development of Indigenous Monetary Systems to CE 1400. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1992.Google Scholar Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro“The development of new forms of credit and the formation of cooperative commercial partnerships were the most significant factors in expanding trade in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1200–1450.”
Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of cities throughout?One of the main reasons for the growth of cities was the Industrial Revolution, which began in England toward the middle of the eighteenth century and then spread to the United States and other parts of Europe. The Industrial Revolution contributed to the rise of factories, creating a demand for workers in urban areas.
Which of the following was a major cause for the growth of the cities throughout Africa and Eurasia from 800 to 1350 CE?Which of the following is a major cause for the growth of cities throughout Afro-Eurasia from 800-1350 C.E.? "What they (the Franks) learned from the Arabs was indispensable in their subsequent expansion. The heritage of Greek civilization was transmitted through Arab intermediaries.
Which trade network has the largest impact on the development of AfroThe Silk Roads were the biggest land network in the time period, stretching from Constantinople all the way to the very eastern edge of China (Hangzhou). Needless to say, they were a pretty big deal in Afro-Eurasia.
|