Why did some Central American nations subject to tax paying off the debt to Europe with US dollars?

(Reuters) - Grim. Serious. Terrifying. Nerve-rattling.

These are the words some prominent American investors and strategists are using to describe the worsening debt crisis in the euro zone and its impact on the global economy.

While growth has been slowing in China and the United States and companies warn about the effect on earnings, there is a mounting sense among the financial community that politicians and markets are operating on two completely different timelines.

They see a fractured Europe fiddling in the near term, attempting to seal one fissure as another larger one appears while they talk about a five-to-10-year timeframe for real solutions, such as a more fiscally integrated euro zone. They see investors who want solutions in the next few weeks and months or else nations like Spain and Italy could find they cannot borrow at all on capital markets, starting an economic firestorm that would make today’s problems seem mild.

Some even suggest markets are taking on shades of the 2008 global crisis, with the potential for a collapse in investor confidence, bank runs in Europe and a seizure for the global financial system.

“History may not repeat but it often rhymes. The fear is that it could be a replay of 2008. The reality is that the potential for a replay of 2008 on steroids is not exactly zero,” said Bonnie Baha, portfolio manager at DoubleLine Capital, which oversees $35 billion. Baha, who is based in Los Angeles, was speaking while visiting Europe last week.

Added financier Steve Rattner, who is the former head of the U.S. auto task force, “We should be terrified about the euro crisis because the Europeans are trying to fix a deeply flawed system with the equivalent of Band-Aids,”

And Dan Fuss, vice chairman and portfolio manager at Loomis Sayles, which oversees $172 billion in assets, sees little reason not to be very worried. “We have uncertainties of the wrong kind. Bringing the political cohesion together has proven to be more difficult than I had thought. The headlines coming out of Europe are scary.”

To be sure, while these are the views of highly credible investors, they are not necessarily the mainstream. Most economists and strategists still think Europe will be able to muddle through its problems as it has for the past few years. And while the majority of them see weak growth in the United States, they don’t expect the economy to slip into a recession.

But most economic pundits were wrong in 2008 when they didn’t foresee the financial crisis, and this time around even the optimists have had to pull back their U.S. and global growth expectations in recent months.

What’s more, some investors and economists say central banks, including the Federal Reserve, are running low on ammunition after having loosened monetary policy considerably.

The economic crises in global history that have stemmed from excessive debt and financial leverage have proved to be the deepest. And while the United States has managed to maintain slow, if steady economic growth, many European countries are dealing with the threat of deep recessions: very high unemployment and intractable deficits that are only worsening because of the lack of growth.

The modest stimulus measures that have been talked about - top euro zone leaders agreed at a meeting this week to spend 130 billion euros to seek to revive growth and the European Central Bank may cut interest rates at its meeting on July 5 - may be too little, too late given the tsunami of debt some nations in the euro zone face.

“The realization that Spain will most probably need a bailout by the EU has rattled investors’ nerves,” Baha of DoubleLine said.

Spain, the fourth-largest economy in the euro zone, will need between $350 billion and $400 billion to stabilize conditions in the wake of a real-estate crash, according to Mark Grant, managing director at Southwest Securities Inc., who has been one of the biggest bears on the euro zone throughout the crisis.

“I do not think most people realize how serious the situation is with Spain,” Grant said.

Grant, who forecast Greece was going to go bankrupt in January 2010, said on Sunday, “I fear the shades of 2008 are almost upon us once again and the increasing darkness is discernible.”

The atmosphere was hardly helped on Sunday when German Finance Minister Wolfgang Schaeuble told Bild am Sonntag in unusually blunt language that Greece’s new coalition government should stop asking for more help and instead move quickly to enact more reform measures that had been agreed in return for previous bailouts from European partners. The new Greek government has indicated in a proposal seen by Reuters that it wants tax cuts, extra help for the poor and unemployed, a freeze on public sector layoffs and more time to cut its deficit.

EARNINGS WARNINGS

The impact of the European debt crisis on the global economy is increasingly weighing on such American bellwethers as United Technologies Inc UTX.N, Procter & Gamble Co PG.N and FedEx Corp FDX.N.

P&G lowered its fourth-quarter earnings and revenue forecasts Wednesday, hurt by unfavorable foreign exchange rates, weak growth in developed markets and a slowdown of growth in China. It is the second time in three months that the consumer products maker has cut its outlook.

Also last week, FedEx said slow global growth would crimp its earnings over the next 12 months. The world’s second-largest package delivery company forecast moderate growth for both the U.S. and global economies, citing the debt crisis in Europe and slowing growth in Asia.

Perhaps most pessimistic was UTX Chief Financial Officer Greg Hayes, who said just over a week ago that “the situation in Europe has gotten a lot worse than we had expected” and that the “Spanish market continues to convulse.”

Ray Dalio’s Bridgewater Associates, $120 billion hedge fund, summed up the state of affairs in a note late last week. “Global growth has continued to slow in a fairly broad way and is now as slow as it has been since 2009,” he said. “The expansion in the developed world has not been self-sustaining.”

In the developed world, the U.S. economy has slowed the most from 4 percent earlier in the year to the current 1 percent to 1.5 percent rate, said Bridgewater, which described euro zone policies as inadequate to deal with the crisis.

“Europe has kicked the can just about as far as they can without doing something,” said John Mauldin, president of investment advisory firm Millennium Wave Investments in Dallas. “It’s just like when they got to the Greek moment where they had to say, ‘We’re going to have to write off bonds.’ They’re now again to another ‘do something’ moment, except that this is a lot bigger.”

Additional reporting by Steven C. Johnson and Deepa Seetharaman; Editing by Martin Howell and Kenneth Barry